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1、英语名词性从句学问点复习一、概述在复合句中具出名词的性质的作主语、表语、同位语、宾语的从句叫名词性从句。因此，我们把主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句这四种从句统称为名词性从句。It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 事实上英语作为国际语言正为世人所承受。(主语从句)The trouble is that she has lost his address. 费事的是她把他的地址搞丢了。（表语从句）They have no idea at all where he has gone.
2、 他们不知道他去什么地方了。（同位语从句）Do you remember how he came 你记得他怎么来的么？（宾语从句）二、语序名词性从句要采纳陈述句语序。由一个含疑问意义的连词引起时，必需将该连词放在名词性从句的开头，且该从句语序不能倒装。 What we cant get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的似乎比我们所拥有的要好。The photographs will show you what our village looks like. 这些照片将向你展示我们村庄的相貌。Can you make sure where Alice
3、has put the gold ring 你能确定爱丽丝放金戒指的地方吗？No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years. 没有人确定一百万年后人类会是什么样子。He asked how much I paid for the violin. 他问我花了多少钱买这个小提琴。三、 时态的照应名词性从句特殊是宾语从句中谓语动词的时态要及主句中谓语动词时态要相照应，主要有下列几种状况：（1）假如主句中的谓语动词是一般如今时态，从句的谓语动词的时态不受主句谓语动词时态的制约。I wonder why Jenny hasnt
4、written us recently. We should have heard from her by now.我不知道为什么珍妮最近没有给我们写信。我们如今应当收到他的来信了。You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it 你对我的新装还没说怎么样呢，喜爱吗？ Im sorry I didnt say anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you. 对不起，我还没来得及。我认为你穿受骗然好看。（2）假如主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从
5、句的谓语动词动作发生在主句的动作之前，过去完成时、过去完成进展时或一般过去时。The police found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen.警察发觉有人闯入房子并且很多东西被偷She said she had been waiting for me for a long time.她说她等了我很长时间。（3）假如主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，则从句的动词用一般过去时或过去进展时。I didnt know you were here.我不知道你在这里。I was told
6、 that they were designing a new machine.有人告知我他们在设计一种新机器。（4）假如主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作发生在主句的动作之后，则从句的动词用过去将来时、过去将来进展时或过去将来完成时。We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.当他宣布他不久就要离任时，我们都很惊讶。They said they would be listening to a report on current affairs.他说他们将听关于时事的报告。四、引导名词
7、性从句的关联词 在传统的语法中，有连接代词、连接副词和关系代词、关系副词之分；连接代词、连接副词引导名词性从句和关系代词、关系副词引导定语从句。本书依据最新资料不再作此分类，通称关系代词和关系副词。引导名词性从句的关联词大致一样，它们分别是：连词：that, whether, if；关系代词：who, what, which , whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever；关系副词：when, where, how, why, however, whenever, wherever。引导从句时一般不用逗号和主句分开。具体见下表：类 别
8、词 义在从句中的作用that无任何词义仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句子成分if和whether意为“是否”，说明从句意义的不确定性起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句子成分关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever有各自自身的意义起连接作用，并在从句中充当主、表、宾、定语等关系副词when,where,why,how, however, whenever, wherever有各自自身的意义起连接作用，并在从句中充当状语1、that从句及wh-关系代词和关系副词引导名词性从句的区分 连词tha
9、t在从句中不作成分，不含疑问意义；而wh-连词在从句中作成分，且含有疑问意义；或what/where从句相当于一个名词后加一个定语从句。It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. 她的头发在变白令她有点担忧。（that在从句中只起引导词作用，不作成分）What caused the accident is still a complete mystery. 事故发生的缘由仍旧是个不解之谜。（What在从句中作主语） 2、that及whether引导名词性从句的区分。 that及whether都是连词，引导名词性从句时，在句中只起连接
10、作用，都不担当句子成分，运用时有下列区分：（1）动词doubt表示“疑心、不知道” 解时，确定句接whether引导的宾语从句；否认句dont doubt和疑问句Do you doubt要接that引导的从句。 I dont doubt that he will come soon.我不疑心他不久会来。（此处不用whether） Can you doubt that he will win你疑心他会赢吗？（此处不用whether）I doubt whether it is true.我疑心那不是真的。 比拟：doubt表示“不信”解时，表示剧烈的不信任时，在陈述句中可接that从句。 I do
11、ubt that he will stay there.我不信他会留在那里。（2）that本身无意义，有时可以省略；whether本身有意义，在句中均不行省略。 He said (that) he was from New York.他说他是从纽约来的。（that无意义，可以省略） Whether he will go there is not decided yet.他去不去没定下来。（whether 有意义，不行以省略）（3）假如宾语从句表示两种可能性据其一时，只能用whether(or not)，不行用that。 I wonder whether he knew the manager(
12、or not).我不知道他是否相识经理。（不能用that）I am not sure whether he will come.他来不来我没把握。（不能用that）（4）whether引导的从句能几乎作全部介词的宾语；that引导的从句只能作except, but, besides的介词宾语。I have no interest in whether he will come.我对他来及否不感爱好。（不能用that）He is a good boy except that he is careless sometimes.他是个好孩子，只是有时有点马虎。3、whether和if的区分 （1）w
13、hether可以引导discuss和介词宾语从句，而if不能。 I havent settled the question of whether Ill lend him the money. 我还没确定是否把钱借给她。（不能用if） They are talking about whether they will go there.他们正在探讨是否去那里。（不能用if） （2）whether可以应到全部的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句；在引起主语从句时，特殊是主语从句在句首时，不能用if，除非是有形式主语it的主语从句。Whether the 2000 Olympic Games wil
14、l be held in Beijing is not known yet. 2000年奥运会是否在北京实行还不知道。（不能用if）Whether well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. The question is whether it is worth doing.问题是这值不值得做。我们明天是否去野营要看天气而定。（不能用if）The question whether we need it has not been decided.我们需不须要它还没定。（不能用if） （3）whether后可以干脆跟or not或or no，构
15、成whether or not或whether or no，if则不能。但可以说whether/if or not, whether/if or。I dont know whether or not hell come. 我不知道他是否会来。（不能用if）He will leave for Paris tomorrow, whether or no.他明天无论如何要动身去巴黎了。（不能用if）I dont care whether/ if you come or not.我不关切你来及否。（4）if 引导的从句可用于否认的谓语，whether引导的从句不用于否认的谓语。 I dont care
16、 if you wont come.我才不在乎他来不来呢。 He doesnt care if you dont pay the money.你付不付钱他不在乎。（5）whether or可以引导让步状语从句，or不行省略；if可以引导条件状语从句。 Whether it snows or not, I will go there by bike.不管明天下不下雪，我都骑车去。 If he had been given more time, he could have done it much better. 假如给他更多的时间，他会做得更好。（6）whether可以和不定式连用，而if不能。
17、 He didnt know whether to get married or to wait.他不知道是如今结婚还是等等再说。They havent decided whether to go there or not.他们还没确定去不去。（7）whether和if引导的宾语从句，可以用确定，也可以用否认，但含义不同。He asked whether she could help.他问她是否能帮助。（表示疑问，可加or not） He asked whether she couldnt help.他认为她能帮助。（表示否认，不行加or not）巧记whether及if异同“whether”
18、及“if”都可表“是否”，是常考内容。下面的顺口溜可帮你记住其异同。主从表从同位从，if不用whether用；discuss和介词后，whether引宾从；不定式、or not后面跟，whether独能显神通；宾从如是否认句，if发挥其功用；避开歧义要慎重，其它状况可换用。4、关系代词及关系副词引起的名词性从句的应当留意的问题（1）wh-ever引起的名词性从句不含疑问意义，相当于不定代词后加一个定语从句：whatever = anything that，whoever=anyone who, wherever=any place where, whenever=any time when表示
19、泛指；而what，which，who，when，where，how等词都有时含有疑问意义，表示特指。A computer can only do what you have instructed it to do. 计算机只能按人们的指令去做事。(特指) It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. 普遍认为，孩子要什么就给他什么不是聪慧之举。(泛指)It was a matter of who would take the position. 问题是谁担当这个职位。(特指)Whoever
20、 has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.不管谁救了这个溺水孩子都值得表扬。(泛指)（2）介词后的who/whom，whoever/whomever的选择问题，则要看连接词在从句中是作主语还是作宾语而定，如在从句中作主语则只能选用who/whoever。Give them to whoever is likely to be interested.把他们送给感爱好的人。（不能用whomever）Who do you think is the best student你认为谁是最好的学生。（不能用whom）Sarah hope
21、s to become a friend of whoever shares her interests.塞拉盼望成为和她能同甘共苦的人的挚友。（3）正确运用who/ whoever，what/whatever，how/however，where/wherever，when/whenever，which/whichever，who，what，where，when，how，which一要分析句子构造，看其在从句中作何成分，二是理清其在句中的含义。-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. 我上周开车去参与珠海的空展了。-Is that why y
22、ou had a few days off （表缘由）这就是你请了几天假的缘由吗？I remember when this used to be a quiet place.我记忆中这里曾经是一个宁静的地方。(表时间)4、but, but that 和but what（1）用于no doubt和not deny之后相当于that。 There can be no doubt but that it is the best choice.这无疑是最好的选择。 I cant deny but what it is an urgent matter.我不否认这是一件紧迫的事。（2）用于特殊疑问句中或
23、否认词后，相当于thatnot。 Who knows but that it may be true =Who knows that it may not be true？谁知道这是不是真的？I can hardly believe but that the answer is right.= I can hardly believe that the answer is not right.我简直不信任这答案是正确的。（3）but that 可以引导条件状语从句，这时，but that 表示“若不是”，相当于if从句，主句常用虚拟语气。He would have helped you but
24、 that he was short of money at the time.假如不是当时没有钱的话，他会帮你的。He would have said no but that he was afraid.若不是胆怯的话，他会回绝的。五、主语从句(subject clauses)1、概述在复合句中起主语作用的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的词有附属连词、关系代词、连接副词等。引导主语从句的关联词有附属连词that、whether，关系代词：who, what, which , whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever；关系副词：whe
25、n, where, how, why, however, whenever, wherever等。That you dont like him is none of my business.你不喜爱她不管我的事。What he said is true. 他说的是真的。Do you remember how he arrived almost at the end of the party 你记得他几乎是在宴会快完毕时才到的吗？This partys really where its at, man! 啊，这个晚会真棒！Tell us how you fulfilled the heavy t
26、ask ahead of schedule.告知我们,你们是怎样提早完成这一艰难任务的。We have reason to believe that the fighting on the border may develop into a full-blown war. (喻)我们有理由信任边疆上的冲突可能开展成一场全面斗争。He said that he would come. 他说他要来。Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.足球竞赛是否实行将视天气而定。2、附属连词that，whether引导的主
27、语从句。附属连词that，whether在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它们在从句中不担当成分，不能省略。Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。That they will go is certain.他们去是确定的。Whether shes coming or not doesnt matter too much.她来不来没有多大关系。3、it作形式主语引导主语从句。假如主语从句太长，为避开句子构造头重脚轻，我们可用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句谓语局部之后。That引导的主语从句可用it代替，t
28、hat 不行省略。 用作it作形式主语的构造：（1）It is/was +形容词+that 从句 Its natural that 很自然 Its obvious that 自不待言 Its fortunate that 幸运的是 Its (im)possible（不）可能 Its unlikely that 不行能 Its strange that惊异的是（2）It is/was +名词+that 从句 Its a pity that 缺憾的是 Its a fact that 事实是 Its good news that是好消息 Its a wonder that缺乏为奇 Its an ho
29、nour that 特别荣幸 Its a shame that真是可耻 Its common knowledge that 是常识（3）It +不及物动词+that 从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that碰巧 It appears that看来 It turns out that结果（4）It is/was +过去分词+that 从句 Its not known that 不得而知 Its said that 据说 Its reported that 据报道 Its decided that尚未确定 Its believed that 据认为 Its anno
30、unced that据宣布 It suddenly struck me (occur to me that 我突然想到（感觉到）（5）其他 It doesnt matter 是无关紧要的 It makes no difference 毫无区分 It is of little consequence that无关紧要It is a pity that she has made such a mistake. 她犯这样的错误是令人缺憾的事。Its strange that he didnt come yesterday. 他昨天没来是很惊异的。It is reported that the num
31、ber of wild animals in Africa is decreasing.据报导非洲野生动物的数量正在削减。It is said that there was a terrible plane crash this morning.据说今日早上有一起可怕的飞机坠毁事故。3、由关系代词引导的主语从句。（1）关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等，引导主语从句时，它们分别在从句中担当主语、宾语或定语，不能省略。Whoever leaves the room last ough
32、t to turn off the lights.走得最晚的应当关灯。What you have done might do harm to other people. 你的行为可能损害别人。What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.他在会议上的发言时全部入会者惊讶。Who made the long distance call is not important.谁打的长途 并不重要。（2）what引导主语从句“的东西/事情”时，可用来表示the thing(s)which这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西及一件事情，这种用
33、法的what称为关系代词型what，who，whom，which，what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。这些关系词在句子中充当成分，所以不能省略。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导。What I need (=The thing which I need) is a mobile phone.我所须要的是一部挪动 。Whoever leaves the office (=Any one who leaves the office)should tell me.无论是谁离创办公室都应当告知我。4、关系副词引导的主语从句。连接副词有when, where,
34、why, how, however, whenever, wherever等引导主语从句时，它们在从句中担当状语，不能省略。此类主语从句可以转换为以it作形式主语的句子。Why he didnt come here is not clear to anyone.他为什么没来谁也不清晰。How a telephone works is a question which not everyone can answer. 是怎样工作的，这个问题并不是每个人都能答复。Where she has gone is not known yet.她去了哪儿，还不知道。When they will start
35、has not been decided yet. 他们何时动身还未定下来。Why he did it didnt concern me. 他为什么做这件事及我无关。5、主语从句不行位于句首的四种状况。（1）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句、感慨句时，主语从句不行提早，用引导词it作形式主语。Is it really true that he has gone abroad 他真的出国了吗？How surprising it was that he failed in the exam!真令人惊异，他考试没有及格！（2）It is said, reported, 构造中的主语从句不行提早。 Its
36、said that the play is very interesting.据说戏剧很好玩。 Its reported that the highway will be opened to traffic next week.据报道，高速路下周通车。（3）It happens, occurs构造中的主语从句不行提早。 It occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.她突然想起忘了锁门。It happened that I met him in the street.我恰巧在大街上遇到了他。（4）It doesnt matt
37、er how, whether or not构造中的主语从句不行提早。 It doesnt matter whether he likes it or not.他喜爱及否无关紧要。 It doesnt matter how he will come.他怎么来不重要。 6、it作形式主语及it引导强调句的比拟。 it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子构造（特殊是谓语较短时），主语从句的连词没有改变。而it引导强调句则是对某一句子成分的强调（这一成分可以是词、词组或句子），其构造是“It is(was)+ 强调成分+that”。无论强调什么成分，都要求用连接词that(强调人时可以用who
38、代替)。 It is certain that she will succeed.她会胜利是确定的。（主语从句） It is in New York that I met him.是在纽约我见到了他。（强调句） 六、表语从句1、概述用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有附属连词that、whether、as though(if)；关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等；关系副词when, where, why, how, however, whene
39、ver, wherever等。可以接表语从句的连系动词由be, look, remain, seem等。That引导表语从句时，在口语中，间或可以省略。The trouble is that we are short of money.困难是我们资金短缺。That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields.这就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏的缘由。At that time, it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word anyhow.
40、当时,我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。2、由附属连词that，whether引导的表语从句。that在引导表语从句时无词义，而whether有词义，意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(费事)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。表语从句对主句主语进展说明、说明，使主语的内容具体化。 The trouble is (that) she has lost his money. 费事的事是他丢了钱。The question is whe
41、ther we need more ice cream.问题是我们是否还须要一些冰淇淋。The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.问题是它作为日常之用太珍贵了。What she couldnt understand was that fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. 我们不能理解越来越少的学生对他的课不感爱好。3、由关系代词引导的表语从句。关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever
42、, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语，关系代词不能省略。The question is which of us should go.问题是我们哪一个应当去。The problem was who could do the work.问题是谁能做这项工作。Thats what he is worrying about.那就是他在担忧的事。Thats what we should do.那是我们应当做的。4、由关系副词引导的表语从句。Go and get your coat. Its where you left it. 去把雨衣拿来。就在你原来放的地
43、方。I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. Thats why I got wet through. 我们既没伞也没雨衣，这是我们淋湿的缘由。That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.那就是老鼠是怎样每年损害大量粮食的。That is what he is worried about.那就是他所担忧的。5、由连词because，as if/as though等引导的表语从句。It looked as if it was going to snow.看起来似乎要下雪了。Thats bec
44、ause we never thought of it.这是因为我们从未想过此事。It seems as if he didnt know the answer.似乎他不知道答案。七、同位语从句1、概述用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在抽象名词fact，idea，news，hope，belief，thought，truth，doubt，suggestion，warning, instruction，reason，information, question等之后，对这些名词进展说明或说明。引导同位语从句的词除连词that，whether外，还有关系代词what, which, who, 以
45、及关系副词how，when，where，why等。It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health. 吸烟危害安康，这是事实。I have no idea what you mean.我一点儿也不明白你的意思。He made the suggestion that we go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。There is no doubt that he is guilty. 毫无疑问，他是有罪的。2、由附属连词that，whether引导的同位语从句。Information has been put forward that more
46、 middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.有消息透露，高校将招收更多的中学毕业生。The fact that we lack enough phones needs to be considered.我们缺少足够的 这一事实须要加以考虑。The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机可以识别人的声音的想法使很多人感到惊异。I didnt receive the news that the meeting had been put off.我没有听到会议被推延的消息。3、由关系代词引导的同位语从句。The question who should be the first has not been settled.谁应当是第一名的问题还没有定下来。You can have no idea what he said.你根本想不到他说了些什么。4、由关系副词引导的同位语从句。I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。They usually write exact ins