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1、名师精编优秀资料英语名词性从句知识点复习一、概述在复合句中具有名词的性质的作主语、表语、同位语、宾语的从句叫名词性从句。因此，我们把主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和宾语从句这四种从句统称为名词性从句。It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 事实上英语作为国际语言正为世人所接受。( 主语从句 ) The trouble is that she has lost his address. 麻烦的是她把他的地址搞丢了。（表语从句）They have no idea at all where h
2、e has gone.他们不知道他去什么地方了。（同位语从句 ）Do you remember how he came ? 你记得他怎么来的么？（宾语从句）二、语序当名词性从句要采用陈述句语序。由一个含疑问意义的连词引起时，必须将该连词放在名词性从句的开头，且该从句语序不能倒装。What we cant get seems better than what we have.我们得不到的似乎比我们所拥有的要好。The photographs will show you what our village looks like. 这些照片将向你展示我们村庄的面貌。Can you make sure
3、where Alice has put the gold ring? 你能肯定爱丽丝放金戒指的地方吗？No one can be sure what man will look like in a million years. 没有人肯定一百万年后人类会是什么样子。He asked how much I paid for the violin. 他问我花了多少钱买这个小提琴。三、 时态 的呼应名词性从句特别是宾语从句中谓语动词的时态要与主句中谓语动词时态要相呼应，主要有下列几种情况：（1）如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时态，从句的谓语动词的时态不受主句谓语动词时态的制约。I wonder wh
4、y Jenny hasn t written us recently. We should have heard from her by now.我不知道为什么珍妮最近没有给我们写信。我们现在应当收到他的来信了。You havent said a word about my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it? 你对我的新装还没说怎么样呢，喜欢吗？Im sorry I didnt say anything about it sooner. I certainly thinkit s pretty on you.对不起，我还没来得及。我认为你穿上当然好看。（2）如果
5、主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的谓语动词动作发生在主句的动作之前，过去完成时、过去完成进行时或一般过去时。The police foundthat the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen. 警察发现有人闯入房子并且很多东西被偷She said she had been waiting for me for a long time.她说她等了我很长时间。（3）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作和主句的动作同时发生，则从句的动词用一般过去时或过去进行时。I didn t know you were here.我不知道
6、你在这里。I was told that they were designing a new machine. 有人告诉我他们在设计一种新机器。（4）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，从句的动作发生在主句的动作之后，则从句的动词用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon. 当他宣布他不久就要离职时，我们都很吃惊。They said they would be listening to a report on current affairs. 他说
7、他们将听关于时事的报告。四、引导名词性从句的关联词在传统的语法中，有连接代词、连接副词和关系代词、关系副词之分；连接代词、连接副词引导名词性从句和关系代词、关系副词引导定语从句。本书根据最新资料不再作此分类，通称关系代词和关系副词。引导名词性从句的关联词大致相同，它们分别是：连词：that, whether, if；关系代词 ：who, what, which , whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever；关系副词 ：when, where, how, why, however, whenever, wherever。引导从句时一般
8、不用逗号和主句分开。详细见下表：类别词义在从句中的作用that 无任何词义仅起连接作用，在从句中不精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 15 页名师精编优秀资料充当任何句子成分if和 whether 意为“是否”，表明从句意义的不确定性起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何句子成分关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever 有各自自身的意义起连接作用，并在从句中充当主、表、宾、定语等关 系 副 词when,where,why,how
9、, however, whenever, wherever 有各自自身的意义起连接作用，并在从句中充当状语1、that 从句与 wh-关系代词和关系副词引导名词性从句的区别连词that在从句中不作成分，不含疑问意义；而wh-连词在从句中作成分，且含有疑问意义；或what/where从句相当于一个名词后加一个定语从句。It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. 她的头发在变白令她有点担忧。（that在从句中只起引导词作用，不作成分）What caused the accidentis still a complete mystery.
10、 事故发生的原因仍然是个不解之谜。（What在从句中作主语）2、that 与 whether 引导名词性从句的区别。 that与 whether 都是连词，引导名词性从句时，在句中只起连接作用，都不担任句子成分，使用时有下列区别：（1）动词 doubt 表示“怀疑、不知道”解时，肯定句接whether 引导的宾语从句；否定句dont doubt和疑问句 Do you doubt要接 that 引导的从句。I don t doubt that he will come soon.我不怀疑他不久会来。 （此处不用whether ）Can you doubt that he will win?你怀疑
11、他会赢吗？（此处不用whether ）I doubt whether it is true.我怀疑那不是真的。比较：doubt 表示“不信”解时，表示强烈的不相信时，在陈述句中可接that从句。I doubt that he will stay there.我不信他会留在那里。（2）that本身无意义，有时可以省略；whether 本身有意义，在句中均不可省略。 He said (that) he was from New York.他说他是从纽约来的。 （that无意义，可以省略）Whether he will go there is not decided yet.他去不去没定下来。 （w
12、hether 有意义，不可以省略）（3）如果宾语从句表示两种可能性据其一时，只能用whether(or not)，不可用 that 。 I wonder whether he knew the manager(or not). 我不知道他是否认识经理。 （不能用 that ）I am not sure whether he will come. 他来不来我没把握。 （不能用 that ）（4）whether 引导的从句能几乎作所有介词的宾语；that引导的从句只能作except, but, besides的介词宾语。I have no interest in whether he will c
13、ome.我对他来与否不感兴趣。 （不能用 that ）He is a good boy except that he is careless sometimes.他是个好孩子，只是有时有点粗心。3、whether 和 if的区别（1）whether 可以引导 discuss和介词宾语从句，而if不能。 I havent settled the question of whether Ill lend him the money. 我还没决定是否把钱借给她。 （不能用 if ） They are talking about whether they will go there. 他们正在讨论是否
14、去那里。（不能用 if ）（2）whether 可以应到所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句；在引起主语从句时，特别是主语从句在句首时，不能用if ，除非是有形式主语it的主语从句。Whether the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. 2000年奥运会是否在北京举行还不知道。 （不能用 if ）Whether well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. The question is whether it is worth doing. 问题是这
15、值不值得做。我们明天是否去野营要看天气而定。（不能用 if ）The question whether we need it has not been decided.我们需不需要它还没定。 （不能用 if ）（3）whether 后可以直接跟or not或 or no ，构成 whether or not或 whether or no，if则不能。但可以说 whether/if or not, whether/if or 。I dont know whether or not hell come.我不知道他是否会来。 （不能用if ）He will leave for Paris tomor
16、row, whether or no. 他明天无论如何要动身去巴黎了。（不能用 if ）I don t care whether/ if you come or not. 我不关心你来与否。（4）if 引导的从句可用于否定的谓语，whether 引导的从句不用于否定的谓语。 I dont care if you wont come.我才不在乎他来不来呢。 He doesn t care if you dont pay the money.你付不付钱他不在乎。（5）whether or 可以引导让步状语从句，or 不可省略； if可以引导条件状语从句。Whether it snows or no
17、t, I will go there by bike.不论明天下不下雪，我都骑车去。 If he had been given more time, he could have done it much better. 如果给他更多的时间，精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 15 页名师精编优秀资料他会做得更好。（6）whether 可以和不定式连用，而if不能。 He didnt know whether to get married or to wait.他不知道是现在结婚还是等等再说。They haven t deci
18、ded whether to go there or not. 他们还没决定去不去。（7）whether 和 if引导的宾语从句，可以用肯定，也可以用否定，但含义不同。He asked whether she could help.他问她是否能帮忙。 （表示疑问，可加or not） He asked whether she couldnt help.他认为她能帮忙。 （表示否定，不可加or not）巧记 whether 与 if异同“whether ”与“ if ”都可表“是否” ，是常考内容。下面的顺口溜可帮你记住其异同。主从表从同位从，if不用 whether 用；discuss和介词后，
19、 whether 引宾从；不定式、 or not后面跟， whether 独能显神通；宾从如是否定句，if发挥其功用；避免歧义要慎重，其它情况可换用。4、关系代词与关系副词引起的名词性从句的应当注意的问题（1）wh-ever 引起的名词性从句不含疑问意义，相当于不定代词后加一个定语从句：whatever = anything that ，whoever=anyone who, wherever=any place where, whenever=any time when 表示泛指；而what，which ，who，when，where，how等词都有时含有疑问意义，表示特指。A comput
20、er can only do what you have instructed it to do. 计算机只能按人们的指令去做事。( 特指)It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or she wants. 普遍认为，孩子要什么就给他什么不是聪明之举。( 泛指 ) It was a matter of who would take the position.问题是谁担当这个职位。( 特指 ) Whoever has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praisi
21、ng.不论谁救了这个溺水孩子都值得表扬。 ( 泛指 )（2）介词后的who/whom ，whoever/whomever 的选择问题，则要看连接词在从句中是作主语还是作宾语而定，如在从句中作主语则只能选用who/whoever 。Give them to whoever is likely to be interested.把他们送给感兴趣的人。 （不能用 whomever）Who do you think is the best student?你认为谁是最好的学生。 （不能用 whom ）Sarah hopes to become a friend of whoever shares he
22、r interests. 塞拉希望成为和她能同甘共苦的人的朋友。（ 3 ） 正 确 使 用 who/ whoever ， what/whatever， how/however ， where/wherever， when/whenever ，which/whichever，who ，what，where，when，how，which 一要分析句子结构，看其在从句中作何成分，二是理清其在句中的含义。-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.我上周开车去参加珠海的空展了。-Is that why you had a few days off? （表
23、原因） 这就是你请了几天假的原因吗？I remember when this used to be a quiet place.我记忆中这里曾经是一个安静的地方。(表时间 ) 4、but, but that 和 but what （1）用于 no doubt和 not deny之后相当于that 。 There can be no doubt but that it is the best choice.这无疑是最好的选择。 I cant deny but what it is an urgent matter.我不否认这是一件紧迫的事。（2）用于特殊疑问句中或否定词后，相当于that not
24、 。 Who knows but that it may be true? =Who knows that it may not be true？谁知道这是不是真的？I can hardly believe but that the answer is right. = I can hardly believe that the answer is not right.我简直不相信这答案是正确的。（3） but that 可以引导条件状语从句，这时，but that 表示“若不是” ，相当于 if从句，主句常用虚拟语气。He would have helped you but that he
25、was short of money at the time.如果不是当时没有钱的话，他会帮你的。He would have said no but that he was afraid.若不是害怕的话，他会拒绝的。五、主语从句 (subject clauses) 1、概述精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 15 页名师精编优秀资料在复合句中起主语作用的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的词有从属连词、关系代词、连接副词等。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词that 、whether ， 关系代词 ：who, what, which
26、, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever；关系副词 ：when, where, how, why, however, whenever, wherever等。That you dont like him is none of my business.你不喜欢她不管我的事。What he said is true. 他说的是真的。Do you remember how he arrived almost at the end of the party?你记得他几乎是在宴会快结束时才到的吗？This partys really wh
27、ere its at, man! 啊，这个晚会真棒！Tell us how you fulfilled the heavy task ahead of schedule. 告诉我们 , 你们是怎样提前完成这一艰巨任务的。We have reason to believe that the fighting on the border may develop into a full-blown war.( 喻) 我们有理由相信边境上的冲突可能发展成一场全面战争。He said that he would come. 他说他要来。Whether the football game will be
28、played depends on the weather.足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。2、从属连词that ，whether 引导的主语从句。从属连词that ， whether 在主语从句中的作用只是引导主语从句，它们在从句中不担任成分，不能省略。Whether she will come or not is still a question. 她是否会来仍是一个问题。That they will go is certain.他们去是肯定的。Whether shes coming or not doesnt matter too much.她来不来没有多大关系。3、it作形式主语引导主语
29、从句。如果主语从句太长，为避免句子结构头重脚轻，我们可用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句谓语部分之后。 That 引导的主语从句可用it代替， that 不可省略。用作 it作形式主语的结构：（1）It is/was +形容词 +that 从句 Its natural that很自然 Its obvious that 显而易见 Its fortunate that 幸运的是 Its (im)possible（不）可能 Its unlikely that不可能 Its strange that奇怪的是（2）It is/was +名词 +that 从句 Its a pity that遗憾的是
30、Its a fact that 事实是 Its good news that是好消息 Its a wonder that不足为奇 Its an honour that 非常荣幸 Its a shame that真是可耻 Its common knowledge that 是常识（3）It +不及物动词 +that 从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that碰巧 It appears that看来 It turns out that结果（4）It is/was +过去分词 +that 从句 Its not known that 不得而知 Its said that
31、据说 Its reported that 据报道 Its decided that尚未决定 Its believed that 据认为 Its announced that据宣布 It suddenly struck me (occur to me that 我突然想到（感觉到）（5）其他 It doesnt matter 是无关紧要的 It makes no difference 毫无区别 It is of little consequence that无关紧要It is a pity that she has made such a mistake. 她犯这样的错误是令人遗憾的事。Its
32、strange that he didnt come yesterday. 他昨天没来是很奇怪的。It is reported that the number of wild animals in Africa is decreasing. 据报导非洲野生动物的数量正在减少。It is said that there was a terrible plane crash this morning. 据说今天早上有一起可怕的飞机坠毁事故。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 15 页名师精编优秀资料3、由关系代词引导的主语从句。
33、（1）关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等，引导主语从句时，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语或定语，不能省略。Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.走得最晚的应当关灯。What you have done might do harm to other people. 你的行为可能伤害别人。What he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.他在会议
34、上的发言时所有入会者吃惊。Who made the long distance call is not important.谁打的长途电话并不重要。（2）what 引导主语从句“的东西/事情”时，可用来表示the thing(s)which这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西与一件事情，这种用法的what 称为关系代词型what，who，whom ，which ， what 可以和 ever构成合成词，和what 一样引导从句， ever 起强调作用。这些关系词在句子中充当成分，所以不能省略。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导。What I need (=The thing which I nee
35、d) is a mobile phone.我所需要的是一部移动电话。Whoever leaves the office (=Any one who leaves the office)should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。4、关系副词引导的主语从句。连接副词有 when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等引导主语从句时，它们在从句中担任状语，不能省略。此类主语从句可以转换为以it作形式主语的句子。Why he didnt come here is not clear to anyone.他为什么没来谁也不清楚。H
36、ow a telephone works is a question which not everyone can answer. 电话是怎样工作的，这个问题并不是每个人都能回答。Where she has gone is not known yet.她去了哪儿，还不知道。When they will start has not been decided yet. 他们何时动身还未定下来。Why he did it didnt concern me. 他为什么做这件事与我无关。5、主语从句不可位于句首的四种情况。（1）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句、感叹句时，主语从句不可提前，用引导词it作形式主
37、语。Is it really true that he has gone abroad? 他真的出国了吗？How surprising it was that he failed in the exam! 真令人惊奇，他考试没有及格！（2）It is said, reported, 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 Its said that the play is very interesting. 据说戏剧很有趣。 Its reported that the highway will be opened to traffic next week.据报道，高速路下周通车。（3）It happens
38、, occurs结构中的主语从句不可提前。 It occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.她突然想起忘了锁门。It happened that I met him in the street. 我恰巧在大街上遇到了他。（4）It doesnt matter how, whether or not结构中的主语从句不可提前。 It doesnt matter whether he likes it or not.他喜欢与否无关紧要。 It doesnt matter how he will come. 他怎么来不重要。 6 、
39、it作形式主语与it引导强调句的比较。 it作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构（特别是谓语较短时），主语从句的连词没有变化。而it引导强调句则是对某一句子成分的强调（这一成分可以是词、词组或句子），其结构是“ It is(was)+ 强调成分 +that ”。无论强调什么成分，都要求用连接词that(强调人时可以用who代替) 。 It is certain that she will succeed.她会成功是肯定的。 （主语从句） It is in New York that I met him.是在纽约我见到了他。 （强调句）六、表语从句1、概述用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它
40、位于主句中的连系动词之后。引导表语从句的词有从属连词that 、whether 、as though(if)；关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等；关系副词when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever等。可以接表语从句的连系动词由 be, look, remain, seem等。That 引导表语从句时，在口语中，间或可以省略。The trouble is that we are short of money. 困难是我们资金短
41、缺。That is why stone walls are used instead of fences around New England fields. 这就是为什么在新英格兰用石头墙而不用栅栏的原因。At that time, it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word anyhow. 当时 , 我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。2、由从属连词that ，whether 引导的表语从句。that 在引导表语从句时无词义，而whether 有词义，意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名精选学习资料 - - - - - - -
42、 - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 15 页名师精编优秀资料词，如 question(问题 ) ， trouble(麻烦 ) ，problem( 问题 ) ，result(结果) ，chance( 可能性 ) ， suggestion(建议) ，idea( 想法 ) ，reason( 理由 ) 等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。The trouble is (that) she has lost his money. 麻烦的事是他丢了钱。The question is whether we need more ice cream. 问题是我
43、们是否还需要一些冰淇淋。The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use. 问题是它作为日常之用太贵重了。What she couldn t understand was that fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons . 我们不能理解越来越少的学生对他的课不感兴趣。3、由关系代词引导的表语从句。关系代词 who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句
44、，在句中作主语、宾语、表语，关系代词不能省略。The question is which of us should go.问题是我们哪一个应该去。The problem was who could do the work.问题是谁能做这项工作。Thats what he is worrying about. 那就是他在担心的事。Thats what we should do. 那是我们应该做的。4、由关系副词引导的表语从句。Go and get your coat. Its where you left it. 去把雨衣拿来。就在你原来放的地方。I had neither a raincoat
45、 nor an umbrella. Thats why I got wet through. 我们既没伞也没雨衣，这是我们淋湿的原因。That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year.那就是老鼠是怎样每年损害大量粮食的。That is what he is worried about. 那就是他所担心的。5、由连词 because，as if/as though等引导的表语从句。It looked as if it was going to snow. 看起来好像要下雪了。Thats because we never thought o
46、f it.这是因为我们从未想过此事。It seems as if he didnt know the answer. 好像他不知道答案。七、同位语从句1、概述用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在抽象名词fact ，idea ，news，hope，belief，thought ，truth，doubt ，suggestion ，warning, instruction，reason ，information, question等之后，对这些名词进行说明或解释。引导同位语从句的词除连词that ，whether 外，还有关系代词what, which, who, 以及关系副词 how，when
47、，where，why 等。It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health.吸烟危害健康，这是事实。I have no idea what you mean. 我一点儿也不明白你的意思。He made the suggestion that we go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。There is no doubt that he is guilty. 毫无疑问，他是有罪的。2、由从属连词that ，whether 引导的同位语从句。Information has been put forward that more middle sc
48、hool graduates will be admitted into universities. 有消息透露，大学将招收更多的中学毕业生。The fact that we lack enough phones needs to be considered.我们缺少足够的电话这一事实需要加以考虑。The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。I didnt receive the news that the meeting had been put
49、 off. 我没有听到会议被推迟的消息。3、由关系代词引导的同位语从句。The question who should be the first has not been settled.谁应该是第一名的问题还没有定下来。You can have no idea what he said. 你根本想不到他说了些什么。4、由关系副词引导的同位语从句。I have no idea when he will be back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played. 他们通常为如何
50、演奏乐曲写出精确的说明。5、定语从句与同位语从句的区别。（1）同位语从句相当于名词，它对其前的名词起补充说明或进一步解释其内容的作用；而定语从句的功能相当于形容词，它对其先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用。The suggestion (that) she has put forward is very good.她提出的建议很好。( 定语从句 ) The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good.我们轮流打扫教室，这个建议很好。 ( 同位语从句 ) （2）引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在从句中充当某种成分，作宾语时