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1、Unit Two Listening Task Nonverbal Communication: Actions Speak Louder Than Words Teacher: Ok, class. OK. . . lets begin. What do we mean when we say that actions speak louder than words? Student: Uh. . . that means we believe peoples actions more than we believe their words. Teacher: Yes, exactly ri
2、ght-and, uh, in a sense, actions are more important than words. Thats because we usually judge speakers intentions by the nonverbal signals they send us. And thats what our subject todays all about, nonverbal communication -.how we communicate through-our actions-facial expressions, eye con-, tact,
3、tone of voice, uh, body movement, and so on. And if any of you doubt the importance of these things, you might like to consider a couple of statistics Ive got here in front of me. Some communication specialists estimate we spend about 75 percent of our waking hours communicating. And, more to the po
4、int, words account for only, mm,10 to 30 percent of that communication-the bulks nonverbal. That is food for thought, uh? Now although people clearly understand its importance, nonverbal communication. Ill call it NVC for short is actually rather recent field of study. Now although today I want to f
5、ocus on physical nonverbal communication-oh often called body language or kinesics, thats K-I-N-E-S-I-C-S-you should know that there are other types of nonverbal communication. G. W. Porter, for example, divides nonverbal communication into four categories, which Id like to look at just briefly. The
6、res the Physical NVC I just mentioned. That includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch and smell, and body movement. Secondly, .theres Aesthetic NVC-thats A-E-S-T-H-E-T-I-C, meaning related to beauty. And Aesthetic NVC takes place through creative expressions, like playing instrument
7、al music, dancing or painting, sculpting. And we certainly know that we can communicate with people through creative expressions like these. Now, next is Signs, which is a mechanical type of communication. Now, it includes the use of things like signal flags used at airports, the twenty-one gun salu
8、te used in the military, and police sirens used on public streets. And last is Symbolic NVC, which uses religious, status, or ego-building symbols-you know, things like wearing crosses in .the Christian religion or special pins to show membership in a particular club, like a fraternity. So, again, y
9、ouve got physical, aesthetic, signs, and symbolic nonverbal communication, Got that? But let s go back to Porters first type, Physical NVC, or body language. .Um, its divided into two main types- static features and dynamic features. Static features include distance, orientation, posture, and physic
10、al contact. Let s look at distance first. The distance a person stands from another often sends a nonverbal message. In some situations it s a sign of attraction; in others its a reflection of social status; in others it shows the intensity of the exchange. Distance has to do with personal space and
11、 what an invasion of someones personal space signifies, what it means. Now, orientations different from distance and has to do with the way we position our selves in relation to others. For example, people cooperating are likely to sit side-by-side, while competitors are likely to sit face to face.
12、. . right? And postures different again; it concerns whether we re slouched or we re standing or sitting straight. You know: Are our legs crossed, our arms folded? That sort of thing. These convey the level of formality, or relaxation in the same situation. Then comes physical contact, and here were
13、 talking about touching, holding, hug- 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 3 页 - - - - - - - - - ging, and so on. These convey or show messages-particularly how intimate we feel-and their meaning can vary a lot between cultures. Hands touching in one
14、 culture may be an act of great intimacy, whereas in another. . . simply a sign of friendship. So those are Porters static features. Lets now look at his dynamic features. These are basically things like facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and uh, body move- ments. Facial expressions, then. t
15、hese continually change during a conversation, and participants constantly watch and respond to each others expressions. These expression usually communicate the emotions and attitudes of the speaker. In some communication studies, its been estimated that facial expressions provide 55 percent of the
16、 meaning of a message; vocal cues, such as, pitch and volume, provide 38 percent; and verbal cues only 7 percent. So, a persons expressions seem to be a better indicator of his meaning than words, which play a minimal part. OK, now where are we? Oh. Were looking at Porters dynamic features of commun
17、i- cation. Next we come to gestures. You know, one of the most important parts of gestu- ring, hand movements, is one of those least understood by scientists. Most are not univer- sal, and as we all know, the same gesture can have different meanings in different countries. Here in the U. S. we make
18、a circle with our thumb and first finger and it means OK. In Japan, however, it means money, and in South America it has a sexual meaning. We have to be very careful about what our bodies are saying. . . especially when in a different culture. Now Let s move on to eye contact. Eye contact is a very
19、powerful form of nonverbal communication. One thing about eye contact that is generally agreed on is that someone with higher status usually maintains eye contact longer if hes talking to someone of lower status. In other words, he stares. Anything else you think a direct stare indicates? Student: D
20、etermination. . . uh. . . openness. Teacher: Exactly, and it creates a feeling of trust. And looking downward? Student: That shows dishonesty, guilt. . . uh. . . Teacher: Yes, it does, but also modesty, in some cases. And eyes rolled upwards suggest tiredness. I dont see any of that right now. I m g
21、lad to say! And the last, the fourth item on Porters list is body movement. You know, its interesting that a lot of the work on nonverbal communication has been done for corporations. They want to improve their employees performance. So for example, if you lean forward in an interview, this suggests
22、 youre energetic, somebody prepared to make major changes. If you hold yourself at your tallest, uh, this suggests youre probably a presenter, and good at selling yourself or the organization. And with side-to-side movements, if you take up a lot of space while walking by moving your arms a lot, you
23、re seen as a good informer and listener, so youre desirable to the company. See? So to finish up. Im going to list five things that differentiate verbal and nonverbal. communication. Id like you to note them down. First, while spoken languages differ from country to country, emotions are communicate
24、d in much the same nonverbal way throughout the world. Second, although we know a lot about the grammar of spoken language, we still dont know very much about the grammar of NVC. Third, we dont have any dictionaries for NVC. If you go to a foreign country and somebody makes a hand gesture you dont u
25、nderstand, theres no dictionary to help you. And fourth, we can ask for repetition or clarification of what somebody has said, but its practically impossible to ask, Could you repeat that smile? or What does that facial expression 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - -
26、 - - - - 第 2 页，共 3 页 - - - - - - - - - mean? We have to understand nonverbal communication the first time around. And finally, we can hide our true feelings with spoken language, but its more difficult with NVC. We cant just stop our selves from turning red. or slow down our heartbeat, right? So whe
27、ther we like it or not, body language cant lie-although Ill bet there are times we all wish it could. So in conclusion then, nonverbal communication is an integral part of communication. OK, now lets quickly get into groups and talk about some of the differences Ive just mentioned. This is what I want you to do. Just pull your chairs around. . . 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 3 页 - - - - - - - - -