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1、-Mark Twain Mark Twain (1835 19l0) is a great literary giant of America, whom H. L. Mencken considered “the true father of our national literature.” With works like Adventure of Huckleberry Finn (1884) and Life on the Mississippi (1883) Twain shaped the worlds view of America and made a more extensi
2、ve combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done.1. Brief Introduction to the AuthorMark Twain, Pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, was born on November 30, 1835, in Missouri, and grew up in the river town of Hannibal. After his father died, he began
3、 to seek his own fortune .He once worked as a journeyman printer, a steamboat pilot, a newspaper colunist and as a deadpan lecturer. Twains writing took the form of humorous journalism of the time, and it ennabled him to master the technique of narration. Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which p
4、rovided the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. After an apprenticeship with a printer, he worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orions newspaper. He later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referr
5、ed humorously to his singular lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. In 1865, his humorous story, “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County” was published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp California where he had
6、spent some time as a miner. The short story brought international attention, even being translated to classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.Though Twain earned
7、a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he invested in ventures that lost a great deal of money, notably the Paige Compositor, which failed because of its complexity and imprecision. In the wake of these financial setbacks he filed for protection from his creditors via a bankruptcy fil
8、ing, and with the help of Henry Huttleston Rogers eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain chose to pay all his pre-bankruptcy creditors in full, though he had no responsibility to do this under the law.Twain was born shortly after a visit by Halleys Comet, and he predicted that he would “g
9、o out with it,” too. He died the day following the comets subsequent return. He was lauded as the “greatest American humorist of his age,” and William Faulkner called Twain “the father of American literature.”2. Mark Twains major worksIn l865, he pub1ished his frontier tale “The Celebrated Jumping F
10、rog of Calaveras County,” which brought him recognition from a wider public. But his full literary career began to blossom in 1869 with a travel book Innocents Abroad, an account of American tourists in Europe which pokes fun at the pretentious, decadent and undemocratic Old World in a satirical ton
11、e. Mark Twains best works were produced when he was in the prime of his life. All these masterworks drew upon the scenes and emotions of his boyhood and youth. The first among these books is Roughing It (1872), in which Twain describes a journey that works its way farther west. Life on the Mississip
12、pi tells a story of his boyhood ambition to become a riverboat pilot. Two of the best books during this period are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while
13、the latter, being a boys book specially written for the adults, is Twains most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim. Their episodic set of encounters presents a sample of the social world from the bank of the river that runs through
14、 the heart of the country. His social satire is The Gilded Age, written in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner. The novel explored the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values, and gave its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post-Civil War era. Twain
15、s dark view of the society became more self-evident in the works published later in his life. In A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court (1889), a parable of colonialization. A similar mood of despair permeates The Tragedy of Puddnhead Wilson (1894), which shows the disastrous effects of slavery
16、on the victimizer and the victim alike and reveals to us a Mark Twain whose conscience as a white Southerner was tormented by fear and remorse. By the turn of the century, with the publication of The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (l900) and The Mysterious Stranger (1916), the change in Mark Twain fr
17、om an optimist to an almost despairing pessimist could be felt and his cynicism and disillusionment with what Twain referred to regularly as the “damned human race” became obvious. 3. The Characteristics of Mark Twains Writing Style1) Twain as a local coloristTwain is also known as a local colorist,
18、 who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on. Consequently, the rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi be
19、came the endless resources for his fiction, and the Mississippi valley and the West became his major theme. Unlike James and Howe1ls, Mark Twain wrote about the lower-class people, because they were the people he knew so we1l ancl their 1ife was the one he himself had lived. Moreover he successfully
20、 used local color and historical settings to i1lustrate and shed light on the contemporary society.2) His use of vernacularAnother fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are col1oquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures
21、 are simp1e, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken 1anguage. And Twain skillfully used the colloquialism to cast his protagonists in their everyday life. Whats more, his characters, confined to a particular region and to a particular historical moment, speak with a strong accent, which
22、is true of his 1ocal colorism. Besides, different characters from different literary or cultural backgrounds talk differently, as is the case with Huck, Tom, and Jim. Indeed, with his great mastery and effective use of vernacular, Twain has made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable 1iterary me
23、dium in the literary history of the country. His style of language was later taken up by his descendants, Sherwood Anderson and Ernest Hemingway, and influenced generations of letters.3) His humorMark Twains humor is remarkable, too. It is fun to read Twain to begin with, for most of his works tend
24、to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall ta1es. By considering his experience as a newspaperman, Mark Twain shared the popu1ar image of the American funny man whose punning, facetious, irreverenl articles filled the newspape
25、rs, and a great deal of his humor is characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration, repetition, and anti-climax, let alone tricks of travesty and invective. However, his humor is not only of witty remarks mocking at small things or of farcical elements making people laugh, but a kind of artisti
26、c style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.4. Huckleberry Finn1) What is the book about?Huckleberry Finn, by general agreement, is Twains finest book and an outstanding American novel. Its narrator is Huck, a youngster whose carelessly recorded vernacular spe
27、ech is admirably adapted to detailed and poetic description of scenes, vivid representations of characters, and narrative renditions that are both broadly comic and subtly ironic.Huck, son of the village drunkard, is uneducated, superstitious, and sometimes credulous; but he also has a native shrewd
28、ness, a cheerfulness that is hard to put down, compassionate tolerance, and an instinctive tendency to reach the right decisions about important matters. He runs away from his persecuting father and, with his companion, the runaway slave Jim, makes a long and frequently interrupted voyage floating d
29、own the Mississippi River on a raft. During the journey Huck meets and comes to know members of greatly varied groups, so that the book memorably portrays almost every class living on or along the river. Huck overcomes his initial prejudices and learns to respect and love Jim. The books pages are do
30、tted with idyllic descriptions of the great river and the surrounding forests, and Hucks exuberance and unconscious humor permeate the whole. But a thread that runs through adventure after adventure is the theme of mans inhumanity to man-of human cruelty. Children miss this theme, but adults who rea
31、d the book with care cannot fail to be impressed by an attitude that was to become a reiterated theme of the author during his later years.2) The significance of the novelThe book marks the climax of Twains literary creativity. Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which “all modern A
32、merican literature comes.” The book is significant in many ways. First of all, the novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by Emerson, Poe, and Melville. It is not grand, pompous, but simple, direct, lucid, and faithful to the colloquial speech. Thi
33、s unpretentious style of colloquialism is best described as “vernacular”. Speaking in vernacular, a wild and uneducated Huck, running away from civilization for his freedom, is vividly brought to life. Secondly, the great strength of the book also comes from the shape given to it by the course of th
34、e rafts journey down the Mississippi as Huck and Jim seek their different kinds of freedom. Twain, who knew the river intimately, uses it here both realistically and symbolically. Thirdly, the profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American l
35、iterature. The novel begins with a description of how Widow Douglas attempts to civilize Huck and ends with him deciding not to let it happen again at the hands of Aunt Sally. The climax arises with Hucks inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by the two opposing forces between hi
36、s heart and his head, between his affection for Jim and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escape.Hucks final decision to fo1low his own good hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality amounts to a vindication of what Mark Twain called” the damned human race,”
37、 damned for its comfortable hypocrisies, its thoroughgoing dishonesties, and its pervasive cruelties. With the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness, Huck grows.5. Selected ReadingAn Excerpt from Chapter 3l of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1) The storyThis novel begins w
38、ith Huck under the motherly protection of the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. When his father comes to demand the boys fortune, Huck pretends that he has transferred the money to Judge Thather, so his father catches him and puts him into a lonely cabin. One night, after his father is drun
39、ken, Huck escapes to Jacksons island and meets Miss Watsons runaway slave, Jim. They start down the river on a raft. After several adventures, the raft is hit by a steamboat and the two are separated. Huck swims ashore and is saved by the Grangerford family, whose feud with the Sheperdsons causes bl
40、oodshed. Later, Huck discovers Jim and they set down again, giving refuge to a gang of frauds: the “Duke” and “King,” whose dramatic performances culminate in the fraudulent exhibition of the “Royal Nonesuch.” Huck also witnesses the lynching and murder of a harmless drunkard by an Arkansas aristocr
41、at on the shore. When he finds that some rogues intend to claim legacies as Peter Wilkss brother, Huck interferes on behalf of the three daughters, and the scheme is failed by the arrival of the real brothers. Then he discovers that the “King” has sold Jim to Mrs. Phelps, Tom Sawyers Aunt Sally. At
42、the Phelps farm, Huck and Tom try to rescue Jim. In the rescue, Tom is accidentally shot and Jim is recaptured. Later, Tom reveals that the rescue is necessary only because he “wanted the adventures of it.” It is also disclosed at the end of the novel that Hucks father has died, so Hucks fortune is
43、safe.2) The novels theme, characterization of “Huck” and the novels social significanceTheme: The novel is a vindication of what Mark Twain called “the damned human race.” That is the theme of mans inhumanity to man-of human cruelty, hypocrisies, dishonesties, and moral corruptions. Mark Twains them
44、atic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is best known for Mark Twains wonderful characterization of “Huck,” a typical American boy whom its creator described as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience
45、,” and remarkable for the rafts journey down the Mississippi river, which Twain used both realistically and symbolically to shape his book into an organic whole. Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time w
46、e are deeply impressed by Mark Twains thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.3) The selected chapterHuck and Jim are with the frauds. They decide to leave them in their raft when Huck learns that Jim is sold by the “King” to Mrs. Phelps.
47、There is a very important description here of Hucks inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watsom where Jim is. Hucks internal conflict between his sound heart and deformed conscience is obvious: On one hand, he feels that he ought to help return Jim to his owner,
48、Miss Watson. On the other hand, his friendship for Jim makes such a course of action difficult for him. Huck instinctively knows the right thing to do. But his conscience dictates the conventional morality of the South. The whole episode is a subtle yet powerful condemnation of the society that makes Huck feel that he will go to hell for doing what his very instinct knows to be the right thing to do. Hucks moral dilemma is brought about by a corrupt society that has institutionalized slavery.第 21 页-