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1、-Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nations best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined. I foun
2、d another Twain as well one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night. 在大多数美国人的心 目中，马克吐温是位伟大作家，他描写了哈克费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆索亚在 漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。的确，
3、这位美国最受人喜爱的作家的探索精神、爱国热情、浪漫 气质及幽默笔调都达到了登峰造极的程度。 但我发现还有另一个不同的马克吐温一个由于深受人生悲 剧的打击而变得愤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的马克吐温，一个为人类品质上的弱点而忧心忡忡、明显地看到前途 是一片黑暗的人。Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla, prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tongued cynic: The man who became Mark Twain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and
4、 he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of water - a navigable depth. His popularit
5、y is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world. 印刷工、领航员、邦联游击队员、淘金者、耽于幻想的乐天派、 语言尖刻的讽刺家：马克吐温原名塞缪尔朗赫恩克莱门斯，他一生之中有超过三分之一的时间浪迹美国各地，体验着美国的新生活，尔后便以作家和演说家的身分将他所感受到的这一切介绍给全世界。他的笔 名取自他在蒸汽船上做工时听到的报告水深为两口寻(12 英尺)意即可以通航的信号语。他的作品中有 二十
6、几部至今仍在印行，其外文译本仍在世界各地拥有读者，由此可见他的享誉程度。The geographic core, in Twains early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nations heart. Keelboats ， flatboats , and large rafts carried the first major commerce. Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs mo
7、ved downstream to the delta country; sugar, molasses , cotton, and whiskey traveled north. In the 1850s, before the climax of westward expansion, the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States. 在马克吐温青年时代，美国的地理中心是密西西比河流域，而密 西西比河是这个年轻国家中部的交通大动脉。龙骨船、平底船和大木筏载运着最重要的商品。木材、玉米、 烟草、小麦和皮货通
8、过这些运载工具顺流而下，运送到河口三角洲地区，而砂糖、糖浆、棉花和威士忌酒 等货物则被运送到北方。在 19 世纪 50 年代，西部领土开发高潮到来之前，辽阔的密西西比河流域占美国 已开发领土的四分之三。Young Mark Twain entered that world in 1857 as a cub pilot on a steamboat. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varied a cosmos . He participated abundantly in thi
9、s life, listening to pilothouse talk of feuds , piracies, lynchings ,medicine shows, and savage waterside slums. All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic. 1857 年，少年马克吐温作为蒸汽船上的一名小领航员踏人了这片天地。在这个新的工作岗位上，他接触到的是 各式各样的人物
10、，看到的是一个多姿多彩的大干世界。他完全地投身到这种生活之中，经常在操舵室里听 着人们谈论民间争斗、海盗抢劫、私刑案件、游医卖药以及河边的一些化外民居的故事。所有这一切，连 同他那像留声机般准确可靠的记忆所吸收的丰富多彩的语言，后来都有机会在他的作品中得以再现。Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers, and thugs as well. From them all Mark Twain gained a
11、 keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. His four and a half year s in the steamboat trade marked the real beginning of his education, and the most lasting part of it. In later life Twain acknowledged that the river had acquainte
12、d him with every possible type of human nature. Those acquaintanceships strengthened all his writing, but he never wrote better than when he wrote of the people a-long the great stream. 蒸汽船的甲板 上不仅挤满了富有开拓精神的人们，而且也载着一些娼妓、赌棍和歹徒等社会渣滓。从所有这些形形色色 的人身上，马克吐温敏锐地认识了人类，认识了人们的言与行之间的差距。他在蒸汽船上工作的四年半时 间是他真正接受教育的开端，
13、而且也是最具有深远意义的教育。到了晚年，马克吐温还声言是密西西比河 使他了解了各种各样的人的本性。这种生活体验对他的全部创作都起了促进作用，然而他描写得最为成功 的还是那些密西西比河上的人物。When railroads began drying up the demand for steam-boat pilots and the Civil War halted commerce, Mark Twain left the river country. He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate gu
14、errillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit after deciding, . I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. 随着铁路运输的发展，社会上对汽船领航员的需求日渐减少，而内战的爆发又 阻碍了商业贸易的发展。这时，马克吐温便离开了密西西比河流域。他在南方邦联游击队的一支杂牌队伍里当了两个星期的兵。那支队伍想方设法避免与敌军交战。在确信我比发明撤退的人更精通撤退之后， 马克吐温离开了那支队伍。He went
15、west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevadas Washoe region. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed . Broke and discouraged, he accepted a job as reporter with the Virginia City Territori
16、al Enterprise, to literatures enduring gratitude. 他乘驿站马车来到西部， 在内华达州的华苏地区受到当时正流行的淘金热的诱 惑。同那只有既幸运而又锲而不舍的追求者才能取得的巨大财富三心二意地打了八个月交道之后，他遭到 了失败。在破产和灰心之余，他接受了为弗吉尼亚市领土开发报当记者的工作，这一行动将获得文学 界永久的感激。From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began digging his way to regional fame as a newspaper re
17、porter and humorist. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. In the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise, he boarded the stagecoach for San Francisco, th
18、en and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers. 自从他因淘金失败而感到心灰意冷之后， 马克吐温便开始努力博取作为一名报社记者和幽默 作家的地区性声望。从事新闻报道工作当然不能使他像淘金成功者一样立成巨富，但在挣钱方面他的笔杆 却比他的锄镐要有效得多。1864 年春季，在他加盟领土开发报还不足两年之时，他又乘驿站马车前往 旧金山，那儿在当时和现在都是有前途的年轻作家成长的摇篮。Mark Twain honed and experimented with his new writing muscles, but he had to leave the c
19、ity for a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. Attacks on the city government, concerning such issues as mistreatment of Chinese, so angered officials that he fled to the goldfields in the Sacramento Valley. His descriptions of the rough-country settlers there ring familiarly in modern w
20、orld accustomed to trend setting on the West Coast. It was a splendid population for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home. It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing them through with a magnificent dash and daring a
21、nd a recklessness of cost or consequences, which she bears unto this day and when she projects a new surprise, the grave world smiles as usual, and says Well, that is California all over. 马克吐温磨炼并试验了他的新笔力，但他却因写了一些尖锐的评论文章而被迫暂时离开这座城市。他围绕 着虐待华人等一类问题对市政府提出的尖锐批评惹得一些官员大为恼火，因之他只好逃到萨克拉门托山谷 的金矿区暂避风头。他对那儿的拓荒者们
22、的描写使西海岸地区富有创新精神的现代人倍感亲切。这儿的人 们真是了不起因为那些笨手笨脚、无精打彩、呆头呆脑的懒汉都呆在家里正是那些人们为加利福 尼亚赢得了这样的声誉：当他们着手进行一项宏伟的事业时，他们会不计代价或风险而以一种豪迈的气概 和闯劲勇往直前，一千到底。加利福尼亚人至今仍保持着这样的声誉，因而，每当他们发起一项新的惊天 动地的壮举时，那些素来稳重的人便会像往常一样微笑着说：看吧，这完全是加利福尼亚的风格。 In the dreary winter of 1864-65 in Angels Camp, he kept a notebook. Scattered among notati
23、ons about the weather and the tedious mining-camp meals lies an entry noting a story he had heard that day an entry that would determine his course forever: Coleman with his jumping frog bet stranger $50 stranger had no frog, and C. got him one in the meantime stranger filled C. s frog full of shot
24、and he couldnt jump. The strangers frog won.1864 年与 1865 年之交的那个冬天，马克吐温是在安吉尔斯矿区度过的。在这段沉闷的日子里，他记了一 本笔记。在杂乱无章的有关天气情况和乏味无趣的有关矿区饭食情况的记录条目中夹着一条叙述当天听到 的一则故事的记录这条记录决定了他一生事业的发展方向：科尔曼用他的跳蛙与陌生人赌 50 美 元陌生人没有跳蛙，科尔曼去给他弄来一只陌生人利用这段时间将科的跳蛙肚子塞满铅弹，这样， 科的跳蛙跳不起来，陌生人的跳蛙便得以获胜。Retold with his descriptive genius, the story
25、was printed in newspapers across the United States and became known as The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. Mark Twains national reputation was now well established as the wild humorist of the Pacific slope. 经过马克吐温的生花妙笔改写之后，这个故事登在美 国各地的报纸上，成了家喻户晓的卡拉韦拉斯县有名的跳蛙。至此，马克吐温作为太平洋海岸狂放的 幽默大师的声望已在全国
26、范围内牢固地确立起来了。Two years later the opportunity came for him to take a distinctly American look at the Old World. In New York City the steamship Quaker City prepared to sail on a pleasure cruise to Europe and the Holy Land. For the first time, a sizablegroup of United States citizens planned to journey
27、as tourists - a milestone , of sorts, in a countrys development. Twain was assigned to accompany them, as correspondent 工 for a California newspaper. If readers expected the usual glowing travelogue , they were sorely surprised. 两年之后， 他得到了一个以美国人 特有的眼光去观察欧洲旧大陆的机会。在纽约市，费城号蒸汽船准备进行一次到欧洲和圣地的观光航行。 这是美国人第一
28、次组织较大规模的团体观光旅行也可以看作是一个国家发展史上的某种里程碑。 马克 吐温作为加利福尼亚一家报纸的记者被委派随同观光团采访。如果读者们期望能读到有关这次旅行见闻的 神采飞扬的描写的话，那他们是要倍感意外的。Unimpressed by the Sultan of Turkey, for example, he reported, . one could set a trap anywhere and catch a dozen abler men in a night. Casually he debunked revered artists and art treasures, an
29、d took unholy verbalshots at the Holy Land. Back home, more newspapers began printing his articles. America laughed with him. Upon his return to the States the book version of his travels, The Innocents Abroad, became an instant best-seller. 举例来 说，他对于那没有给他留下什么好印象的土耳其君主苏丹是这样报道的，人们可以任意选择一个地方设一 个陷阱，一夜之
30、间准可捕捉到十几个更有能耐的人。他信口开河地对一些受人景仰的艺术家和艺术珍品加 以鄙薄，甚至对宗教圣地也敢于以亵渎性的言辞加以侮蔑。回国以后，越来越多的报纸开始刊登他的文章， 整个美国都同他一齐欢笑。他一回到美国，他的旅行杂记傻子出国旅行记立即成为畅销书。At the age of 36 Twain settled in Hartford, Connecticut. His best books were published while he lived there. 三十六岁时，马克吐温开始定居于康涅狄格州哈特福德镇，他的最优秀的作品全是在那段时间里问世的。As early as 1870
31、Twain had experimented with a story about the boyhood adventures of a lad he named Billy Rogers. Two years later, he changed the name to Tom, and began shaping his adventures into a stage play. Not until 1874 did the story begin developing in ear nest. After publication in 1876, Tom Sawyer quickly b
32、ecame a classic tale of American boyhood. Toms mischievous daring, ingenuity , and the sweet innocence of his affection for Becky Thatcher are almost as sure to be studied in American schools to-day as is the Declaration of Independence. 早在 1870 年， 马克吐温就试着写了一篇关于一个他名之为比利罗杰斯的男孩子的童年历险故事。两年后，他又将主人公的名字改为
33、汤姆，并着手将故事改编成剧本。直到 1874 年他才开始认真地扩 展故事情节。汤姆索亚于 1876 年出版后，很快成为美国儿童故事的经典之作。这部描写汤姆的顽皮、 勇敢、机智以及他对贝琪莎切尔的天真纯洁的感情的故事几乎像独立宣言一样成了今天美国学校里的 必读书本。Mark Twains own declaration of independence came from another character. Six chapters into Tom Sawyer, he drags in the juvenile pariah of the village, Huckleberry Finn,
34、 son of the town drunkard. Fleeing a respectable life with the puritanical Widow Douglas, Huck protests to his friend, Tom Sawyer: Ive tried it, and it dont work; it dont work, Tom. It aint for me . The widder eats by a bell; she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell everythings so awful regl
35、ar a body cant stand it. 马克吐温本人的独立宣言却是由另一个人物表达出来的。 在汤姆索亚第六章里，他引出了村里的流浪少年，镇上酒鬼的儿子哈克贝利费恩。哈克不愿在清教 徒道格拉斯寡妇家过上等人的体面生活，从那里逃出来后对他的朋友汤姆索亚发牢骚说：我试过了，还 是不行；不行啊，汤姆。那不是我过的日子那寡妇家吃饭要听钟声，睡觉要听钟声，起床也要听钟声， 什么事情都得规规矩矩，简直叫人受不了。Nine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation, Huck was given a life of his own, in a book ofte
36、n considered the best ever written about Americans. His raft flight down the Mississippi with a runaway slave presents a moving panorama for exploration of American society. 汤姆索亚风靡美国九年之后，哈克被赋予独立的生命，成 为一本被许多人认为是最成功的描写美国人的作品的书中的主人公。他同一个逃跑出来的奴隶一起乘坐木 筏沿着密西西比河顺流而下的漂流航程展现了一幅幅揭示美国社会生活全貌的生动画面。 On the river,
37、 and especially with Huck Finn, Twain found the ultimate expression of escape from the pace he lived by and often deplored, from lifes regularities and the energy-sapping clamor for success. 通过对密西西比 河，尤其是对哈克费恩这一人物的描写，马克吐温将自己想从那束缚着自己并常常令自己苦恼的生活步 调中摆脱出来，从生活中的各种清规戒律以及为了事业成功而进行的艰苦挣扎中解放出来的愿望表达得淋 漓尽致。Mark
38、 Twain suggested that an ingredient was missing in the American ambition when he said: What a robust people, what a nation of thinkers we might be, if we would only lay ourselves on the shelf occasionally and renew our edges. 马克吐温认为，美国人的理想中缺少了一种成分。他说：我们只消偶尔地躺下来好好放松休 息一下，保持锋棱利角，我们将有可能成为一个多么朝气蓬勃的民族，一个
39、多么富有思想的民族啊!Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones: his father, dying of pneumonia when Sam was 12; his brother Henry, killed by a steamboat explosion; the death of his son, Langdon, at 19 months. His eldest daughter, Susy, died of spinal meningitis , Mrs. Clemens succu
40、mbed to a heart attack in Florence, and youngest daughter., Jean, an epileptic, drowned in an upstairs bathtub . 马克吐温的一生都笼罩在悲剧的阴影之中， 自 己的亲人一个接一个地去世：他的父亲在他十二岁那年死于肺炎，他的兄弟亨利在一次汽船爆炸事故中遇 难；他的儿子朗顿才满十九个月即离开人世。他的大女儿苏茜死于脊膜炎；克莱门斯夫人在佛罗伦萨死于 心脏病；而他的小女儿也因癫痫病的发作淹死在楼上的浴盆里。Bitterness fed on the man who had made the
41、world laugh. The moralizing of his earlier writing had been well padded with humor. Now the gloves came off with biting satire. He pretended to praise the U. S. military for the massacre of 600 Philippine Moros in the bowl of a volcanic, crater . In The Mysterious Stranger, he insisted that man drop
42、 his religious illusions and depend upon himself, not Providence, to make a better world. 这位曾令全世 界欢笑的人自己却饱尝了人世的辛酸。他早期作品中的道德说教厚厚地包着一层幽默的外衣，现在幽默换 成了辛辣的讽刺。对于美国军队在一个火山口上屠杀六百名菲律宾摩洛人的行为，他没有直接进行抨击， 而是假装为之高唱赞歌。在神秘的陌生人中，他指出人类应该抛弃宗教幻想，依靠自己而不是上帝的 力量去创造一个更加美好的世界。The last of his own illusions seemed to have crum
43、bled near the end. Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on mens final release from earthly struggles: . they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and a failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed a world which will lament them a day and for-get them forever. 他自己的最后一个幻想到后来似乎也破灭了。在晚年口述自传的时候，他以极端绝望 的心情谈到人从尘世的苦难中的最终解脱：他们从世界上消失了，在这个世界上他们无足轻重，无所 成就；甚至他们的存在本身就是个错误，是个失败，是种愚蠢。这个世界上也没有留下丝毫能表明他们存 在过的痕迹。这个世界赠给他们的只是一日的哀伤和永久的遗忘第 20 页-