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1、Unit 5 AthletesAthletes Should Be Role ModelsI love Charles Barkley like a brother, and except for the times when were hanging and pushing each other under the boards in games between my team, the Utah Jazz, and his, the Phoenix Suns, were great friends. We dont necessarily like the same things: Cha
2、rles loves golf so much he would play at halftime if he could, but I think a golf course is a waste of good pasture-land. One of the reasons we get along so well, though, is that we both say whats on our minds without worrying about what other people are going to thinkwhich means we disagree from ti
3、me to time. Heres an example of what I mean: I disagree with what Charles says in his Nike commercial, the one in which he insists, I am not a role model. Charles, you can deny being a role model all you want, but I dont think its your decision to make. We dont choose to be role models, we are chose
4、n. Our only choice is whether to be a good role model or a bad one. I dont think we can accept all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete and not accept the responsibility of being a role model, of knowing that kids and even some adults are watching us and looking for us to s
5、et an example. I mean, why do we get endorsements in the first place? Because there are people who will follow our lead and buy a certain sneaker or cereal because we use it. I love being a role model, and I try to be a positive one. That doesnt mean I always succeed. Im no saint. I make mistakes, a
6、nd sometimes I do childish things. And I dont always wake up in a great, role-model mood. There are days when I dont want to pose for a picture with every fan I run into, when I dont feel like picking up babies and giving them hugs and kisses (no matter how cute they are), those are the days I just
7、try to avoid the public. But you dont have to be perfect to be a good role model and people shouldnt expect perfection. If I were deciding whether a basketball player was a positive role model, I would want to know: Does he influence peoples lives in a positive way away from the court? How much has
8、he given of himself, in time or in money, to help people who look up to him? Does he display the valueslike honesty and determinationthat are part of being a good person? I wouldnt ask whether he lives his life exactly the way I would live it or whether he handles every situation just the way I woul
9、d handle it. I do agree with Charles on one thing he says in his commercial: Just because I can dunk a basketball doesnt mean I should raise your kids. But sometimes parents need a little assistance. There are times when it helps for a mother and father to be able to say to their kids, Do you think
10、Karl Malone or Scottie Pippen or Charles Barkley or David Robinson would do that? To me, if someone uses my name in that way, its an honor. Sure, parents should be role models to their children. But lets face it, kids have lots of other role modelsteachers, movie stars, athletes, even other kids. As
11、 athletes, we cant take the place of parents, but we can help reinforce what they try to teach their kids. Parents just have to make sure they dont take it too far. Sometimes they put us on a pedestal that feels more like a tightropeso narrow that were bound to fall off eventually. This is not somet
12、hing Im especially proud of, but Ive had parents in Utah say things to me like, You know, Karl, in our family we worship the ground you walk on. In our house your picture is right up there on the wall beside Jesus Christ. Now, thats going too far. Is it any wonder some athletes dont want to be role
13、models? Who wants to be held up to that kind of impossibly high standard? Imagine someone putting a lifesized picture of you on a wall and saying things to your picture before they go to bed. Thats scary. Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times. I am sorry that Michae
14、l Jordan had to deal with the negative publicity he received about gambling. I dont think most people can imagine what its like to be watched that closely every minute of every day. I was told once that it wouldnt be that bad for me because no one would know me outside of Utah, but thats not true. E
15、ver since I played on the Dream Team in the Olympics, I cant go anywhere without being the center of attention, and thats very confining at times. For instance, there have been occasions when Ive felt like buying a big Harley-Davidson motorcycle and riding it down the street. First, the Jazz would h
16、ave a fit and say its too dangerous. Second, everyone would be watching to see if I wore a helmet, if I was obeying the speed limit, if I was taking turns safelyyou name it. The first time I didnt measure up to expectations, I would hear, What kind of example is that to set for other people who ride
17、 motorcycles? But the good things about being a role model outweigh the bad. Its a great feeling to think youre a small part of the reason that a kid decided to give school another try instead of dropping out or that a kid had the strength to walk away when someone offered him drugs. But one thing I
18、 would encourage parents to do is to remind their kids that no matter which athletes they look up to, there are no perfect human beings. That ways if the kids heroes should make mistakes, it wont seem like the end of the world to them. I would never criticize someone for saying what he thinks. If Ch
19、arles doesnt consider himself a role model, thats certainly his right. But I think he is a role modeland a good one, too. And if he gets that NBA championship ring, I might just make him my role model. 运动员该成为榜样吗？1. 我喜欢查尔斯巴克利，就像他是我的亲兄弟一样，而且除了比赛中在篮板下彼此冲撞的时候（我在犹他爵士队；他在菲尼克斯太阳队），我们是很好的朋友。我们的爱好不一定完全相同：查尔斯
20、酷爱高尔夫球，要是可能的话他中场休息时都会打，我却认为把优良的牧地造成高尔夫球场是浪费。而我们能很好相处的一个原因是，我俩都心里想什么就说什么，不管别人会怎么想这也意味着我们时常会意见不一致。有一个例子能说明我的意思：我不同意查尔斯在他做的耐克广告中说的话。在那则广告里，他强调说：“我不是一个行为榜样。”查尔斯，你完全可以否认自己是行为榜样，但是我认为这不是自己可以决定的。我们没想要做行为榜样，而是大家要我们做。我们唯一能选择的是做一个好榜样还是做一个坏榜样。2 我认为成了著名运动员后，我们不能只接受随之而来的荣誉和金钱，却拒绝承担作为榜样的责任，或者没有意识到孩子们、甚至一些成年人正关注着我
21、们，期望我们树立起一个榜样。我的意思是，首先为什么我们能有机会做广告呢？因为有人会以我们为榜样，他们买某种运动鞋或某种麦片，（仅仅）因为我们在用这些东西。3 我喜欢成为榜样，并努力去做个好榜样。但这并不是说我总是做得很好。我决非圣贤，我会犯错误，而且有时还会做一些非常幼稚的事情。我并非每天早上醒来都具备了做榜样的好心情。有些日子，我并不想同遇见的每个球迷都摆姿势合影，不想抱起婴儿拥抱、亲吻（无论他们有多可爱）。处在这种时候，我就尽量避开公众。4 但做个好榜样并不需要十全十美，而且人们也不应该期盼完美。如果由我来判定一个篮球运动员是否是个好榜样，我想知道的是：他在球场之外，是否给人们的生活带来了
22、积极的影响？他自己付出了多少时间或金钱去帮助那些敬仰他的人？他显示出一个优秀者应具有的诸如诚实、毅力这些品格吗？但我不会问他是否以我的那种方式生活，或者是否以我处理事情的方式来应付每一个局面。5 查尔斯在他的广告中所说的有一点我赞成，那就是“我能扣篮并不意味着我应该养育你们的孩子。”但是，有时家长们也需要一点帮助。如果父母能对孩子说：“你想想卡尔马龙、斯科蒂皮蓬、查尔斯巴克利或大卫罗宾逊会那样做吗？”有时候，这是很管用的。如果有人这样提到我的名字，对我来说是一种荣誉。当然，父母应该成为自己孩子的行为榜样。然而实际情况是孩子们有许多其他的行为榜样老师、电影明星、运动员、甚至其他孩子。作为运动员，
23、我们不能取代父母，但是我们能协助他们去加强和巩固他们努力教给孩子的那些思想。6 父母们一定不能做得太过火。他们有时把我们奉若神明，使我们感到是在走钢索在这么细的钢索上我们最终必定会摔下来。这不是一件让我感到特别自豪的事：在犹他州曾经有孩子家长对我说过这样的话：“你要知道，卡尔，我们全家都对你崇拜得五体投地，在我们家里，我们把你的照片和基督画像一起并排挂在墙上。”这就太过分了。难怪有些运动员不愿做行为榜样。谁会愿意被拔得那样高呢，那是能达到的标准吗？设想一下，有人把你真人大小的照片挂在墙上，而且每晚睡觉前都要对着你的照片倾诉一番，这是很可怕的。7 时刻处在公众的注视之下有时令人难以忍受。我十分同
24、情迈克尔乔丹，他不得不对付有关他赌博的负面报道。我想大多数人都无法想象，分分秒秒、日复一日都被如此密切地注视着是什么滋味。曾经有人对我说，我个人的情况还不至于那么糟，因为出了犹他州就没人认识我了。但事实并非如此。自从我作为梦之队的一员参加了奥运会的比赛后，我无论到哪里都会成为人们注意的中心。这有时使人受到很大的限制。例如，我有好几次想买一辆哈利-戴维森牌的大摩托车，骑着它逛逛街。首先爵士队会大发雷霆，说这太危 险。其次，每个人都会盯着我，看我是否戴了头盔，是否按照限定的速度行驶，是否安全转弯，不一而足。一旦我没有达到他们的期望，就会有人说：“这给其他骑摩托车的人树立了个什么榜样啊？”但是，8
25、做一个行为榜样的好处要多于坏处。想到某个孩子决定在学业上再做一番尝试而不是辍学，或者碰到有人向他兜售毒品时，能从毒贩子身边走开，而这其中也有你的一小部分功劳时，那种感觉好极了。但是我要鼓励父母们去做一件事，那就是提醒他们的孩子无论他们敬仰哪位运动员，十全十美的人是没有的。这样一来，如果孩子们心目中的英雄犯了错误，他们就不会觉得世界末日到了。9 我决不会因为某个人说了心里话而批评他。如果查尔斯认为他自己不是个行为榜样，这是他的权利。但我认为他是一个行为榜样，而且是一个好榜样。如果他能戴上NBA的冠军戒指，我也许会把他当作我自己的行为榜样。Athletes Should Not Be Role M
26、odelsThese days there are so many stories about the criminal activities of athletes that sports pages are beginning to look like police reports. Whats going on? American sports fans ask over their morning toast and coffee, Whats happening to our heroes? Its not difficult to understand our desire for
27、 athletes to be heroes. On the surface, at least, athletes display a vital and indomitable spirit; they are gloriously alive inside their bodies. And sports do allow us to witness acts that can legitimately be described as courageous, thrilling, beautiful, even noble. In an increasingly complicated
28、and disorderly world, sports are still an arena in which we can regularly witness a certain kind of greatness. Yet theres something of a paradox here, for the very qualities a society tends to seek in its heroesselflessness, social consciousness, and the likeare precisely the opposite of those neede
29、d to transform a talented but otherwise unremarkable neighborhood kid into a Michael Jordan. To become a star athlete, you have to have an extremely competitive outlook and you have to be totally focused on the development of your own physical skills. These qualities may well make a great athlete, b
30、ut they dont necessarily make a great person. On top of this, our society reinforces these traits by the system it has created to produce athletesa system characterized by limited responsibility and enormous privilege. The athletes themselves suffer the costs of this system. Trained to measure thems
31、elves perpetually against the achievements of those around them, many young athletes develop a sense of what sociologist Walter Schafer has termed conditional self-worth. They learn very quickly that they will be accepted by the important figures in their livesparents, coaches and peers as long as t
32、hey are perceived as winners. Unfortunately they become conceited and behave as if their athletic success will last forever. Young athletes learn that success, rather than hard and honest play, is what brings rewards. And for those successful enough to rise to the level of big-time college sports, t
33、he reward is often an artificially controlled social environment, one that shields them from many of the responsibilities other students face. Coacheswhose own jobs, of course, depend on maintaining winning programsprotect their athletes to ensure that nothing threatens their eligibility to compete.
34、 If an athlete gets into trouble with the law, for instance, a coach will very likely intervenehiring an attorney, perhaps even managing to have the case quietly dismissed. In some schools, athletes dont even choose their own classes or buy their own books; the athletic department does all this for
35、them. Its not unheard-of for athletic department staff to wake up athletes in the morning and to take them to class. Given this situation, its not too surprising that many young American athletes lack a fully developed understanding of right and wrong. Professor Sharon Stoll of the University of Ida
36、ho has tested more than 10,000 student athletes from all over the country, ranging from junior high to college age; she reports that in the area of moral reasoning, athletes invariably score lower than non-athletesand that they grow worse the longer they participate in athletics. Overprotected by un
37、iversities, flattered by local communities, given star status by the public, rewarded with seven or eight-figure salaries, successful athletes, inevitably develop the feeling that they are privileged beingsas indeed they are. The danger arises when they think that because they are privileged they ca
38、n have anything they want. Mike Tyson, of course, is the most obvious example of this phenomenon. Having been taught as a young man that he was specialhis trainer, Cus D Amato, had one set of rules for Tyson and another, more demanding, set for all his other boxersand having lived his entire adult l
39、ife surrounded by a team of admiring slaves, Tyson eventually came to believe, like a medieval king, that all he saw rightfully belonged to him. Blessed with money and fame enough to last a lifetime, he spent his time outside the ring acquiring and discarding the objects of his desire: houses, autom
40、obiles, jewelry, clothes, and women. As a result of the publicity surrounding his rape trial, countless women have related stories of Tyson asking them for sexual favors and then, upon being refused, saying with surprise, Dont you know who I am? Im the heavyweight champion of the world. Needless to
41、say, not all athletes are Mike Tyson; there are plenty of athletes who recognize that they have been granted some extraordinary gifts in this life and want to give something back to the community. Some remarkable individuals will always rise above the deforming athletic system weve created. After re
42、tiring from football, Alan Page of the Minnesota Vikings became a successful lawyer and established the Page Education Foundation, which helps minority and disadvantaged kids around the country pay for college. Frustrated by the old-boy network by which Minnesota judges were always appointed, Page c
43、hallenged the system in court and was eventually elected judge in the Supreme Court. He thus became the first black ever elected to a statewide office in Minnesota. Thankfully, there will always be some legitimate heroes (or, to use the more contemporary term, role models) to be found among professi
44、onal athletes. Still, its probably misguided for society to look to athletes for its heroesany more than we look among the ranks of, say, actors or lawyers or pipefitters. The social role played by athletes is indeed important (imagine a society without sports; I wouldnt want to live in it), but its
45、 fundamentally different from that of heroes. 运动员不应是行为榜样1如今有关运动员犯罪行为的报道如此之多，以至于体育专栏变得像警方报告栏了。这是怎么回事?美国的体育迷们在吃早点喝咖啡时不禁都会问：我们的英雄们怎么了?2我们渴望运动员成为英雄，这不难理解。至少从表面上来看运动员们展现出了朝气蓬勃、不屈不挠的精神，他们体内焕发着活力。体育运动的确让我们目睹了真正可以称之为勇敢、激动人心、优美乃至高尚的行为。在一个日益复杂无序的世界中，体育仍是一个可以让我们时常目睹某种伟大表现的竞技场。3然而这显然是自相矛盾的。社会想从英雄身上寻求的品质，如大公无私、社
46、会意识等等，恰好与运动员所需的品质大相径庭，用这些品质是无法把一个有体育天赋而在其他方面表现平平的街坊小孩变成迈克尔乔丹的。要成为一名体育明星，你必须具备非凡的竞争意识，并全力以赴提高自身的体育技能。这些品质很可能会造就一名优秀的运动员，但却未必能塑造一个伟人。此外，我们的社会用它自己创建的培养运动员的制度，进一步助长了这些特征。该制度的特点是：责任有限，待遇丰厚。4运动员自身也为这种制度付出了代价。由于受到的训练是，永远拿自己与周围人的成绩相比较，许多年轻运动员便产生了一种意识，这种意识被社会学家沃尔特谢弗称之为“有条件的自我价值”。他们很快就明白了，只要自己被看作是“胜者”，便会被父母、教
47、练以及同伴这些自己生活中很重要的人所接受。不幸的是，他们变得很自负，表现得就像他们的运动生涯会永远辉煌下去。5年轻的运动员们深知，是成功给他们带来了回报，而不是艰辛和诚实的比赛。对于那些能在最高水平的大学体育竞技中崭露头角的运动员来说，“回报”往往是一种人为设置的社会环境，这种环境使他们免于承担其他学生要面对的许多责任。教练自身的工作当然取决于如何保住获胜的项目，他们会保护运动员，确保他们的参赛资格不受到任何威胁。例如，如果某个运动员惹上了官司，教练便很可能会干预请一位律师，甚至还会设法使案件悄悄驳回不予受理。在某些学校，运动员甚至不用自己选课或买书，体育系替他们包办了一切。体育系的员工早上叫
48、醒队员并带他们去课堂，这也并非闻所未闻的事。6鉴于上述情况，许多年轻的美国运动员缺乏成熟的是非观也就不足为奇了。爱达荷大学的莎伦斯托尔教授对全国从初中到大学的一万多名学生运动员进行测试。她报道说在伦理道德方面，运动员们总是比非运动员得分低，而且从事体育运动的时间越长，得分越低。7大学的过分呵护、当地社区的吹捧、公众给予的明星地位，以及七八位数字的年薪，这些使得成功的运动员必然形成这样的感觉：他们是有特权的人他们也确实是有特权的人。当他们因为享有特权便自认为可以为所欲为时，危险就随之而至。8迈克泰森当然是这一现象最明显的例子。他年轻时就被灌输他是与众不同的他的教练员屈斯达马托单独为他制定了一套训
49、练规则，而为所有其他拳击手制定了另一套要求更高的规则而且他的整个成年时期都生活在一群仰慕他的“奴隶”中。泰森终于渐渐相信，他所见到的一切都理应归其所有，俨然一个中世纪的国王。由于一生可享尽荣华富贵，他将拳击台外的时间都用来追逐又抛弃他所要的东西：房子、汽车、珠宝、服饰以及女人。由于强奸案的曝光，无数的女人讲述了当泰森向他们提出性要求而被拒绝时，他竟吃惊地说道：“你们难道不知道我是谁吗?我是世界重量级拳击冠军。”不用说，并不是所有运动员都像迈克泰森那样；有许多运动员认识到自己此生被赋予了非凡才能，愿意给社会一些回报。9总有一些杰出的个人会从我们所创建的畸形的体育制度中脱颖而出。明尼苏达海盗队的艾伦佩奇从橄榄球队退役后，成了一名成功的律师并创立了佩奇教育基金会，资助全国的少数民族和贫困儿童上大学。明尼苏达州的法官原先总是由联谊