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1、课题介词讲解教学内容知识框架介词一、定义与特征1. 介词又叫前置词，是一种虚词。2. 介词是一种用来表示词与词，或者词与句之间的关系的词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。3. 介词一定要有宾语，充当宾语的一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其它词、短语或句子。二、介词的分类A 表时间的介词B 表地点位置的介词C 表方式的介词D 其他的介词三、表示方位的介词1. on, inon 是指在某物的表面上，与物体表面接触。其反义词是beneath。They are sitting on the grass. 他们正坐在草地上。A lovely cat is lying on the table. 一只可爱的小猫正
2、躺在桌子上。The little mouse is beneath the paper, so it is not easy to find. 这只小老鼠在纸下面，所以不容易被发现。英语中打击人的头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时，用on。The headmaster patted the boy on the head and comforted him.校长拍拍小男孩的头安慰他。表示植物本身生长出来的枝叶、花果等用on。There are a lot of pears on the tree. 树上有许多梨。in 表示“ 在之上 ” 时，暗示占去了某物的一部分，强调接触的深度。There
3、is/are a hole/two windows in the wall. 墙上有个洞 /两扇窗户。英语中打击人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时，用in。表示植物本身以外的人或动物“ 在树上 ” ，用 in 意指枝叶遮掩其中。2. over, above, under, below over 强调在物体的正上方。under 强调在物体的正下方，是over 的反义词。The bridge over the river has a long history. 河上的这座桥历史悠久。We took shelter from the rain under a tree. 我们在树下躲雨。注意： abov
4、e还有 “ 覆盖；越过 ” 之意。The thief climbed over the wall and ran away. 那个贼翻过围墙逃走了。above 强调在物体的上方，但不一定是正上方；还可以指温度，海拔等的刻度。The plane flew above the clouds. 飞机在云层之上飞行。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - The average temperature here in wint
5、er is above 3. 这里冬天的平均温度超过三摄氏度。The mountain is about 2,000 meters above the sea. 那座山海拔约 2,000米。below 强调在下方，但不一定是正下方，可指温度海拔等的刻度，是above 的反义词。I live below the mountain. 我住在山脚下。3. in, on, to 在方位名词前的区别三者都可用来表示两地之间的方位关系。in 表示在某范围之内Hebei Province is/lies in the east of China. to 表示在某范围之外Shanghai is/lies to
6、 the southeast of Hebei Province. on 表示“ 毗邻”“接壤”Japan lies in the east of Asia and to the east of China. 4. in, at 二词均可表示 “ 在处” 。in 用于指较大的地方。He lived in Beijing for 10 years. 他在北京生活了十年。at 用于指较小的地方，如在门牌号码前。We ll meet each other at the park. 我们将在公园见面。5. from, out of 二词均表示来源或出处。from 注重起点，意为 “ 从” 。The t
7、rain from London arrives here at 10 oclock.从伦敦来的火车10点到这。out of 侧重于从里向外，意为 “ 从里出来 ” 。She took the passport out of her handbag and showed it to the policeman. 她从包里拿出护照把它交给警察。We are moving out of our school yard. 我们正从校园出来。6. between, among二者均表示 “ 在中间” 、“ 在之间” 。between 表示在二者之间，有时出现三个或三个以上的“ 宾语 ” ，但这时强调的
8、仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系。The house stands between two farms. 那座房子位于两个农场之间。Luxemburg lies between France, Germany, and Belgium. 卢森堡位于法国、德国与比利时之间。among 指在三者或三者以上之间。There is a forest among the hills. 那些小山之间有一片森林。注意： 当句中出现 divide, share之类的词时，如果后面跟着几个单数名词，用between 。如果后面是复数名词， between和 among都可以。He divided his mone
9、y between Mary, John and Helen. 他把钱分给玛丽、约翰和海伦。7. across, through, past, over across强调穿过某一平面或横穿狭长物体，宾语常为the square, the bridge, the mountain, the street 等。Be careful while walking across the street. 过街时务必小心。through 强调从某一空间内穿过或沿着狭长的物体移动。宾语常为 the street, the forest, the gate, the valley 等。We walked thr
10、ough the forest. 我们穿过那片森林。Walk through the gate and youll see the rest room.穿过大门就会看到厕所。past 强调从某事物的一旁经过。They drove past a big supermarket. 他们开车经过一家大超市。over 强调从一边到另一边或越过某一高度，宾语常为the street, the bridge, the mountain, 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共
11、 14 页 - - - - - - - - - the square 等。The dog jumped over the fence and ran away. 狗跳过栅栏跑了。The plane flew over the Great Wall. 飞机飞过长城。8. in front of, in the front of in front of 表示在某一空间外部的前面。In front of my home runs a small river. 在我家门前有一条小河。We planted some trees in front of our house. 我们在房子前面种了一些树。in
12、 the front of 表示在某一空间内部的前面。Dont sit in the front of the car.不要坐在小汽车的前部。9. to, for, toward(s) to 用在表示来往行动的动词后，如go, come, walk, run, dash, rush, move, fly, return, lead, take 之后，表示行动的方向。for 多用于表示 “ 启程” ，“ 出发”“离开” 的动词，如 leave, set off, start 之后。to 与 toward(s) 在表示 “ 朝方向” 时，可互换，toward(s) 仅表示方向，不表示到达，而to
13、不仅表方向，还表示到达。It s difficult to decide which area the plane is flying to.很难断定飞机要飞往哪个地区。My sister is leaving for New York early tomorrow morning. 我妹妹明天上午要动身去纽约。四、表示时间的介词1. in in 表时间段，即指在较长的一段时间内，相当于during 。如世纪、朝代、年代、年、月、季节等。in Ming Dynasty 在明朝in the 1980s 在二十世纪八十年代in August 在八月份in spring/summer/autumn/
14、winter 在春天 /夏天/秋天/冬天in the winter holidays 在寒假in one s life 在某人一生中in the daytime/night 在白天 /夜里in the year 2010 在 2010 年注意： during 除了具有 in 表示时间段的功能之外，还可指在某一项活动的过程中。during the night 在晚上during the fire 在火灾期间in 也可表将来，表示从现在算起的一段时间之后。in a while 一会儿，立刻I ll be back in an hour. 我一小时后回来。2. at at 用来表示时刻、时间的一点。
15、at five oclock 在五点种at soon 在中午at 也可表示较短暂的一段时间，可用在节日名词或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。at daybreak 破晓at Christmas 在圣诞节3. on on 表示在具体的某一天，某一天的上午、下午或晚上，或对某一天或某一天的上午、下午、晚上进行详细描述。on Monday afternoon 在星期一下午on that day 在那天on a sunny day in November 在十一月一个晴朗的日子on the following day 在第二天on New Year s Day 在元旦on the morning of
16、April the first 在四月一日上午on weekend 在平日（时） =at weekends 4. in, after in 和 after 都可表示 “ （时间）之后 ” 。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - “in + 时间段 ” 用于将来时；Hell be back in three hours. 他三个小时以内回来。“after + 时间段” 用于过去时。 after 后接一个具体的时间点时，
17、也可用于将来时。He came back after three hours. 三个小时之后他回来了。Hell be back after three oclock in the afternoon.他下午三点以后回来。5. for, since for 后接一段时间的词语，表示行为状态持续的时间。I have been learning English for 20 years. 我学英语二十年了。since 后接某一具体时间或表示具体时间的从句，强调动作或行为状态从起始点一直持续到现在，常与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。I have been watching TV since supper
18、 time. 自晚饭以来我一直在看电视。She has worked here since 1999. 自 1999年以来，她就在这里工作。6. before, by 二者都可表示 “ 在之前” ，但 by 含有“ 最晚不迟于 ”“ 到. 为止 ” 的意思。如果 by 后是表示将来的时间，则与将来时或将来完成时连用。过去的时间，则与过去完成时连用。I ll be back before supper time. 晚饭前我会赶回来。Supper will be ready by 6:00. 晚饭将在 6 点之前准备好。This factory had produced more than one
19、 million cars by the end of last year. 到去年年末，这家工厂已经生产了一百多万辆小汽车。I will finish the work by Friday. 最晚星期五我会完成这项工作。before Friday. 星期五之前我会完成这项工作。7. by, until by 表示到什么时候为止动作已经完成。until 表示动作持续到什么时候。注意：在终止性动词的否定式中，二者通用。Can you repair my bike by Friday? 星期五之前你能修好我的自行车吗？I ll work here until six oclock.我将一直在这里工
20、作到6 点。The work won t be finished by/until tomorrow.这项工作明天才能做完。8. since, after after 从过去或将来某一时间算起的一段时间后，这时不可与完成时态连用。从现在算起的一个时间点之后，这时常与将来时连用。I woke up at midnight and after some time I heard some strange noise. 我半夜醒来，一会儿后，听见了一些奇怪的声音。After supper, I will take a short walk. 晚饭后，我将散散步。since 后只能跟时间点或表示时间点
21、的从句，表示从过去某一时间点一直到现在，与完成时连用。I have been watching TV since suppertime. 自晚饭以来我一直在看电视。五、工具、手段、方式介词1. with, by, in 三者均表示 “ 用” ，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。1) with 多指用有形的工具、身体的某部位或器官，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。You can see it with your own eyes. 你可以亲自去看看。I cut the cake with a knife. 我用刀子切蛋糕。2) by 表示使用方法、手段或用于无形的工具前。名师资料总结 - - -精
22、品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - Why dont you go there by bus instead? 你怎么不坐公交车去那呢？They can learn what kind of animal it is by touching. 他们可以通过触摸了解它是何等动物。3) in 指使用某种语言、文字、材料等。in English, in ink, in capital, letters 注意：其他表方式 /方法、情况、手段的表达法
23、。in this/that, the/same way, by means of, by this/that means, with this/that method; by telephone/on the telephone, by/through practice, by/through experience on foot, live on food in surprise, in silence, in a low voice, in a hurry, in fun, in joy, in sorrow, in danger, in safety, in need. 2. by, i
24、n, on 三词都可表示旅行的方式。（1） 不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不用冠词。by sea, by water, by rail, by air （2） 涉及交通工具的名词前用by，但名词需用单数，其前不加冠词或任何修饰语。by taxi, by bike, by plane, by ship, by train, by spaceship等。（3） 当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用on 或 in，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。in a plane, on a early train, on my bike等。注意：步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。on foot,
25、on a horse, on the camel 等。六、表示 “ 排除” 的介词1. except:“ 除之外（不再有） ” ，与 but 通用，常与不定代词 all, every/any+thing/where/body/one ，或 nobody, nothing 等连用。All of us have been to Shanghai except me. 所有人都去过上海，只有我没去。None of the films interested me except (but) a cartoon. 除了一部动画片，其他电影我都不感兴趣。注意： but, except在一般情况下，二者可通用
26、，都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形。但 except后接副词、介词短语、 when 从句等时不可用 but 来替换。Nobody but/except Mary knows the city well. 只有玛丽非常了解这个城市。The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏季外，这扇窗户从不打开。He has always been busy except when it is Sunday.除星期日外，他总是很忙。说明 ：but, except后都可接 that从句作宾语，可以互换。I asked nothing from him but
27、(except) that he should write to me every other week. 我只要求他每两周给我写一封信。2. except for: 用于表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定，主要侧重对不同类事物的排除。The street in the early morning is very quiet except for a few cars. 清晨街道十分安静，只有几辆小汽车。The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 除几处拼写错误外，这篇作文很好。All the buildings ar
28、e excellent except for their location. 除了位置之外，所有的建筑物都相当不错。注意 ：当 except位于句首时，后面往往要加上for。Everything is in good order except this.= Except for this, everything is in good order. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - 3. besides: 表示“
29、除之外（其他的也） ” ，其后的宾语是包括在内的。All of us have been to Shanghai besides me. 我们所有人都去过上海，我也去过。We need three more chairs besides these two. 除了这两把之外我们还需要三把椅子。注意 ：besides还可以作副词，意为 “ 另外” 。Let s stay at home. It is too late; besides, it is raining now.我们呆在家里吧。天太晚了，而且正下着雨。4. including 强调同类事物中包含具有另外特征的一部分。There are
30、 20 passengers on the bus, including five children. 公交车上有 20 名乘客，包括 5 个孩子。七、表示 “ 关于” 的介词about, on, of都可表示 “ 关于” 。about 侧重于与人或事物有关的事迹或情况，涉及的内容比较详细。The headmaster told us a story about his student. 校长给我们讲了一个他学生的故事。on 侧重于阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题。He wrote a book on electricity. 他写了一本关于电学方面的书。of 在与 tell, re
31、ad, know, think等动词连用时侧重于粗略涉及。I know little of our new teacher. 我几乎不了解我们的新老师。He spoke of the problem at the meeting. 他在会议上谈到了这个问题。八、表示 “ 像” 的介词表示“ 像” 的介词有 as, like, 两词的区别如下：1. 介词 as表示“ 以身份 ” 或“ 当作” ，后面跟表示身份、职业、地位、人的特征的名词作宾语；As a teacher, he cares for these children. 作为教师，他关心这些孩子。表示“ 像” 时，as常构成固定搭配，如：
32、 suchas; as as; not soas; the sameasThe boy is as tall as his father. 那个男孩长的和他父亲一样高。2. 两词的侧重点不同： as侧重于同一性，强调属同一类或完全相似。She spoke of me as her dearest friend. 她谈起我就像我是她最亲密的朋友似的。like 侧重于比较，表示比喻，并不意味着同一类或完全相似。He spoke like an old friend. 他像老朋友那样讲话。注意： as和 like 常与一些动词一起构成固定搭配。consider as 认为，视作look (upon)
33、 as 把看作regard as 视作，看作treat as 看作seem like 似乎像look like 看起来像九、表示 “ 原因” 的介词1. with 多用于表示情绪的形容词或表示身体动作或状态的动词之后，说明引起某种心理状态的原因。Her face went red with anger. 她气得脸都红了。They smiled with pleasure. 他们高兴地微笑着。2. over 常用于带有感情色彩的动词，如argue, cry, quarrel, laugh, sign, 等之后，叙述所发生事情的原因。These men argued over money matt
34、ers. 这些人为了钱的问题而争吵。3. from 常接抽象名词，表示自然或间接的原因，尤指外因。Lots of people suffered from hunger in those days. 在那些日子里，许多人都遭受了饥饿之苦。4. at 常表示某种表情或情感的起因，常和表示听、看或表示喜怒哀乐、吃惊等的过去分词或形容词连用。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - He looked shocked at t
35、he news of his failure. 听到他失败的消息，他非常吃惊。5. of 多用于表示自身的原因，即内因。如疾病、情感等。Her mother died of cancer. 她母亲死于癌症。6. for 多与表示感情的抽象名词或动词及reason, famous 等词连用。I m sorry for being late.很抱歉我迟到了。针对性练习：1 ( ) 1. Children get gifts _ Christmas and _ their birthdays. A. on; on B. at; on C. in; in D. in; on ( ) 2. -There
36、 is nothing _tomorrow afternoon, is there? -No. We can have a game of table tennis. A. on B. in C. out D. up ( ) 3. A lot of students in our school were born_March, 1981. A. in B. at C. on D. since ( ) 4. tie suddenly returned_ a rainy night. A. on B. at C. in D. during ( ) 5. My grandfather was bor
37、n_Oct. 10, 1935. A. on B. in C. at D. of ( ) 6. The train is starting_five minutes. A. in B. at C. for D.still ( ) 7. Mike does his exercises _ seven _ the evening. A. on; to B. at; in C. by; of D. at; on 2 ( ) 1. The population of the world has grown very fast _ four hundred years. A. for past the
38、B. in the pass C. in the past D. for past ( ) 2. We returned to our hometown_. A. next week B. in the last week C. last week D. for a week ( ) 3. Great changes have taken place_. A. in the last few year B. in the last few years C. last year D. on the last year 3 ( ) 1. Children wake up very early_th
39、e morning of Christmas Day. A. in B. on C. For D. at ( ) 2. _ a cold winter morning, I met her in the stfeet. A. In B. On C. At D. For ( ) 3. It happened to be very cold_ the morning of our sports meet. A. at B. on C. with D. of ( ) 4. Why did you get up so early _ this morning. A. on B. / C. at D.
40、in 4 ( ) 1. He went to Shanghai_ September 3, 1991 and came back_ a cold morning last year. A. in; on B. on; in C. on; on D. in; ia ( ) 2. Lucy was born_ the night of May 12, 1984. . . A. on B. in C. at D. to 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 14 页
41、- - - - - - - - - ( ) 3. Mrs Brown came to China _ 1996. A.on B. of C. to D. in ( ) 4. _ the morning of November 20, 1915, the workers came to Chicago to show their mourning_Joe Hill. A. On; to B. In; of . C. On; for , D. At; for ( ) 5. Ann moved_Hangzhou_September, 1992. A. /; in B. to; in C. to; o
42、n D, in; in ( ) 6. They started off_an autumn afternoon. A. during B. at C. in D. on 5 ( ) 1. He often goes _ school _ six thirty _ the morning. A. for; to; in B. to; at in C. to; for; at D, for; at; to ( ) 2. He arrived _ Shanghai _ 9: 30 _ March 5. f A. at; in; at B. to; on; at C. in; on; at D. in
43、; at; on ( ) 3. The English teacher told me to get there_ half past ten. A. in B. at C. on D. of ( ) 4. The children get up _ 6 oclock. A. at B. on C. during D. in 6 ( ) 1. The doctor worked_ five hours_ a rest. A. for; with B. on; without C. about; having D. for; without ( ) 2. I worked on the prob
44、lem _ a long time and I worked it out_myself_ last. A. for; by; at B. in; with; on C. on; by; in D. for; for; at the ( ) 3. A new factory will be set up_ a year. A. for B. in C. after D. on ( ) 4. Two years_ he began to write another story-book. A. after B. later C. in D. late ( ) 5. We will finish
45、the picture a day. A. in B. on C. after D. on ( ) 6. The workers had been_ strike_almost a month. A. on; in B. at; in C. on; for D. on; during ( ) 7. Mr Brown had lain _ the ground _ four hours before they finally found him. A. on; for B. at; in C. on; after D. in; during 7 ( ) 1. The teacher is com
46、ing back_ an hour. A. after B. for C. in D. before ( ) 2. She lived in the mountain village_ the years 1940-1950. A. between B. during C. in D. since ( ) 3. Miss Wang will come to Beijing_ two days. A. after B. in C. on D. before ( ) 4. The American Civil War lasted four years before the North won _
47、 the end. A. by B. at C. in D. on 8 ( ) 7. Mary had finished her homework_ the time I got home. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 14 页 - - - - - - - - - A. until B. by C. at D. when ( ) 2. We stayed at the lab_ our teacher returned. A. till B. by C
48、. during D. while ( )3. They didnt leave the station_ they get on the train. A. until B. by C. after D. at 9 ( )1. Dont worry. He will return_. A. before long B. long before C. long long ago D. long ago ( )2. There lived an old man, fishing at sea_. A. long before B. before long C. long time ago D.
49、soon ( )3. It was not _ they came back. A. long before B. before long C. long time before D. long after ( )4. I was told that his uncle had gone to France . A. long before B. shortly after C. before long D. long ago 10 ( ) 1. _ Tom gets up at five in the morning. A. Sometime B. Sometimes C. Some tim
50、e D. Some times ( ) 2. I remember we met each other_ last year. A. Sometime B. some times C. some time D. sometimes ( ) 3. Mary and I have been to the Great Wall,_. A. sometime B. some time C. sometimes D. some times ( ) 4. He studied English for _ in London, and then he went to America. A. sometime