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1、Functionalist ApproachesFunctionalist ApproachesFunctionalist ApproachesFunctionalist ApproachesFunctionalist Approaches 卡塔琳娜莱思（Katharina Reiss） 功能主义翻译批评理论，即文本类型理论（Text typology） 汉斯弗米尔（Hans J. Vermeer） 目的论（Skopostheorie） 贾斯特霍斯-曼特瑞（Justa Holz-Mnttri) 翻译行为理论（Theory of Translational Action) 克里丝汀诺德 (Chr
2、istiane Nord) 功能加忠诚理论（Function plus Loyalty） Functionalist Approaches Hans Vermeer, 1978 Reiss and Vermeer, 1984 Justa Holz-Mnttri, 1984 Christiane Nord, 1988 linguistic, formal theoriese.g. equivalencefunctional, sociocultural theories Action theory Text linguistics Reception theories Communication
3、 theory Functionalist Approaches Skopos theorySkopos aim, intention, objective, purpose Skopos theory Translation is a form of human action (translational action) All human action has a purpose Skopos = purpose of a translation All human action has an outcome Translatum/translat = outcome of a trans
4、lationtranslatorinitiatorreceiversource-text producersource-text receivercommissionerusersource textclienttarget textSkopos Skopos theory Skopos rule: purpose of TT (target text) determines translation methods and strategies Skopos theory Skopos rule explained: Translate/interpret/speak/write in a w
5、ay that enables your text/translation to function in the situation in which it is used with the people who want to use it and precisely in the way they want it to function.(Vermeer 1989) Skopos theoryTranslation decisions are NOT determined by. Source Text (ST) Source Texts effects on recipients fun
6、ction assigned to Source Text by author Skopos theoryTranslation decisions are determined by. the prospective function of the TT, as determined by the TT users needs Skopos theory Coherence rule: TT must be sufficiently coherent to allow TT users to comprehend it, given their assumed background know
7、ledge and situational circumstances. Skopos theory Fidelity rule: Some relationship between ST and translatum must remain, once skopos principle and coherence rule have been satisfied. Skopos theorySkopos Coherence Fidelity Skopos theory Skopos theory Is there just one possible translatum for any gi
8、ven source text? STTranslation Situation 1:Skopos 1Translation Situation 2:Skopos 2Translation Situation 3:Skopos 3TT 1TT 3TT 2Skopos theory Functionalism in Literary Translation“Skopos suggestions”Skopos suggestion 1: The translator interprets the source text not only with regard to the senders int
9、ention but also with regard to its compatibility with the target situation.Skopos suggestion 2: The target text should be composed in such a way that it fulfils functions in the target situation that are compatible with the senders intention. Functionalism in Literary TranslationSkopos suggestion 3:
10、 The text world of the translation should be selected according to the intended target-text function.Skopos suggestion 4: The code elements should be selected in such a way that the target-text effect corresponds to the intended target-text functions.(Nord 2001: 9293) Functionalism in Literary Trans
11、lationFunctionalism can widen narrow visions, showing the possibility of a greater variety of literary translations (Nord, 2001: 103) Function plus LoyaltyCulture-specific expectations TT will give ST authors opinion TT will reproduce ST features TT will be fluent/readable Function plus LoyaltyTrans
12、lators are not always obliged to do exactly what the readers expect. Yet there is a moral responsibility not to deceive them. (p.125)Loyalty = responsibility of translators toward their partners in translational interaction Function plus Loyalty Fidelity LoyaltySTTT Function plus LoyaltyThe loyalty
13、principle adds two important qualities to the functional approach: Obliges the translator to take into account prevailing concepts of translation in different cultures. Induces the translator to respect the senders individual communicative intentions.(Nord 2001: 126) Function plus LoyaltyNord:“My pe
14、rsonal version of the functionalist approach thus stands on two pillars: function plus loyalty. It is precisely the combination of the two that matters, even though there may be cases where they seem to contradict each other.”(Nord 2001: 126 In summaryNot only did the Skopos theory account for diffe
15、rent strategies in different translation situations, in which source texts are not the only factor involved, but it also coincided with a change of paradigm in quite a few disciplines, among them linguistics, which had developed a stronger focus on communication as a social, culture-bound occurrence
16、, on the individuals involved, on the spatiotemporal conditions of communication, and on communicative intentions and functions. It seemed to be exactly the translational model that was needed. (Nord 2001: 123)End of this lessonCommunication theory“Who says what in which channel to whom with what ef
17、fect?”(D. H. Lasswell, 1948)Communication theoryLinguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker-listener, in a completely homogeneous speech-community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, s
18、hifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance). (Noam Chomsky, 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax)socio-cultural backgroundsituationCommunication theory communicationparticipantparticipanttextnorm/functionpurp
19、oseAction theory Action means “intentionally bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature)”.(von Wright 冯赖特, 1963)Translation as action (translational action)behaviourIntentional (=action)unidirectionalperson-personbi-directional (=interaction)non-intentionalperson-objectTranslation
20、 as action (translational action)person-personnon-communicativecommunicativeinterculturalintraculturalwith a mediatorwithout a mediatorTranslation as action (translational action)with a mediatortranslational actionwith source textwithout source textTranslation as action (translational action)transla
21、tional actionwithout source textwith source textcross-cultural consultingcross-cultural technical writingoral (=interpreting)writtenTranslation as interpersonal interaction translatorinitiatorreceiversource-text producersource-text receivercommissionerusersource texttarget textsenderclientaddresseeT
22、ext linguistics Texts fall into different types which perform different functions and display different formal features.Text linguistics Karl Bhlers model of language:Language is a tool by which a “sender” may communicate to a “receiver”. It employs signs which have three aspects, which correspond t
23、o three functions: expressive, appellative, and representational (表达功能、召唤功能、描述功能).(K. Bhler, 1934) Text linguistics Nord discusses four text functions:The referential functionThe expressive functionThe appellative functionThe phatic function(Nord 2001)Reception theories Theories gaining influence si
24、nce the 1960s, such asShift of attention from text production to text reception (and hence from author to reader)The concept of the “realization” of a text (the “dynamic” concept of “meaning”)The spatial/temporal factor in the receptionImportant works Vermeer, Hans J. (1978) Ein Rahmen fr eine allge
25、meine Translationstheorie A Framework for a General Theory of Translation Important works Reiss, Katharina and Hans J. Vermeer (1984) Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie. Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation Important works Holz-Mntar, Justa (1984) Translatorisches Handeln, T
26、heorie und Methode. Translational Action: Theory and Method Important works Nord, Christiane (1988) Textanalyse und bersetzen, Theorie, Methode und didakische Anwendung einer bersetzungsrelevanten Textanalyse. English version 1991: Text Analsys in Translation. Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Appli
27、cation of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis. The source text as “offer of information” The dynamic concept of text meaning is common enough in modern theories of literary reception (Rezeptionssthetik). Vermeer sums it up by saying that any text is just an “offer of information” (cf. Vermeer 1982) from which each receiver selects the items they find interesting and important. (Nord 2001: 3132) 49结束语结束语