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1、英语的语态：主动语态和被动语态英语的语态：主动语态和被动语态 语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。 如：He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态） 需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态。需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态。 The room hasnt
2、been cleaned yet. 什么时候要用被动语态呢什么时候要用被动语态呢不知道动作的执行者是谁，用被动语态。不知道动作的执行者是谁，用被动语态。Football is played all over the world没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。The bridge was built last year.当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。窗户被风吹开了。汉语中含有汉语中含有“据说据说”、“据悉据悉”、“有人
3、说有人说”、“大家说大家说”等客观的说明时。例如：等客观的说明时。例如： It is said that one day he climbed to the top of a house. It was reported that her mother died of SARS.It is well known that 众所周知众所周知 It is supposed that 据推测说据推测说 汉语中含有汉语中含有“被被”、“由由”等词时。例如：等词时。例如： Tina is asked to come by PaulTina是被是被Paul叫来的。叫来的。某些句子习惯上用被动语态。例如：某
4、些句子习惯上用被动语态。例如： He was born in October，1989 助动词助动词be动词过去分词动词过去分词(根据根据句子的主语和时态，助动词句子的主语和时态，助动词be的变化的变化是通过人称、数和时态的变化表现出是通过人称、数和时态的变化表现出来的，疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。来的，疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。 有有am, is, are, was, were, been几个几个形式变化。形式变化。)被动语态的谓语构成被动语态的谓语构成各种时态的主动语态和被动语态谓语结构对照表各种时态的主动语态和被动语态谓语结构对照表时时 态态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态1 一般现在
5、时一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+过去分词过去分词2 一般过去时一般过去时didwas/were+过去分词过去分词3 一般将来时一般将来时will/be going to+动词原动词原形形will/be going to+be+过去分词过去分词4 过去将来时过去将来时would+动词原形动词原形would+be+过去分词过去分词5 现在进行时现在进行时am/is/are+现在分词现在分词am/is/are+being+过去分词过去分词6 过去进行时过去进行时was/were+现在分词现在分词was/were+being+过去分词过去分词7 现在完成时现在完成时have/has+过去
6、分词过去分词have/has+been+过去分词过去分词8 过去完成时过去完成时had+过去分词过去分词had+been+过去分词过去分词9 含情态动词含情态动词情态动词情态动词+动词原形动词原形情态动词情态动词+be+过去分词过去分词主动语态变被动语态解题步骤主动语态变被动语态解题步骤:1. 找宾语找宾语 -即动作的承受者即动作的承受者They make shoes in that factory. Shoes2. 判断宾语的单复数判断宾语的单复数 -即即be动词的单复数动词的单复数.arewere3. 判断动词的时态判断动词的时态 -即即be动词的时态动词的时态.4. 修改谓语的时态修改谓
7、语的时态 -即原句动词改为过去分词即原句动词改为过去分词 made5. 修改原句的主语修改原句的主语 -即即by+ 主语主语/ 宾语宾语. by them.主动句中谓语动词的发出者由主动句中谓语动词的发出者由by引出，作为引出，作为by的宾语，也可以省略。的宾语，也可以省略。请看以下主动语态和被动语态结构的转换：请看以下主动语态和被动语态结构的转换：主动语态:主语主语谓语宾语被动语态:例： We clean our classroom every day. （主动）注意把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。如上把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。如上 例，所给的主动句子是一般现在
8、时，改为被动语态时，也例，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，也 要用一般现在时。要用一般现在时。如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词 byby的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主语的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主语wewe改为改为usus。主语主语 by+宾语宾语be+过去分词过去分词Our classroom is cleaned by us every day（被动）1.They make shoes in that factory.Shoes are made (by them) in that factory.S(主语）主语
9、）+am/is /are +过去分词过去分词Present tense (am/is are + done)1.Li Ming drives the bus through the city. The bus _ _by Li Ming through the city.2.They look after the children well. The children _well _ _by them.3.The policeman stops us at the station. We _ _by the policeman at the station.4. His father tell
10、s them a story every day. They _ _a story every day.5.They sell fruit every day. Fruit _ _by _every day. is driven are looked after are stopped are told is sold themThe bank was robbed yesterday.A man-made satellite was sent up into space last year.The shoes were sold out yesterday.The shoes were no
11、t sold out yesterday.Were the shoes sold out yesterday ?Yes, they were . No, they werent.被动语态的构成：被动语态的构成：be +vt.p.p.一般过去时一般过去时 waswere +v.p.p.Past tense (was/were + done)1.Li Ming drove the bus through the city. The bus _ _by Li Ming through the city.2.They looked after the children well. The childr
12、en _well_ _by them.3.The policeman stopped us at the station. We_ _by the policeman at the station. was driven were looked after were stoppedThis watch can be repaired in two days.Your book may be taken away. These trees should be planted at once .情态动词情态动词 aux.v. (mustcancouldmay) + be + v.p.p.被动语态的
13、构成：被动语态的构成：be + vt.p.pThis watch can be repaired in two days.This watch can not be repaired .Can this watch be repaired in two days? Yes, it can . No, it cant .情态动词的被动语态情态动词的被动语态“We must put them in the fridge.”The dogs thought .Exercises for Passive Voice(7)1.You must return the books to him at onc
14、e. The books _ _ _to him at once.2.He can finish the work in two days. The work _ _ _ by _ in two days.3.We should clean the machine every day. The machine _ _ _every day.4.They may fix the car in three days. The car_ _ _by _in three days.5.She will buy another bike soon. Another bike _ _ _by_soon.
15、must be returned can be finished him should be cleaned may be fixed them will be bought her3.They will finish the work in ten days.The work will be finished (by them)in ten days.S+ will+be+过去分词过去分词Future tense with “be going to”be going to+ be+ done (10)1.He is going to write down the story. The sto
16、ry is going to _ _ down by _.2.They are going to build the bridge. The bridge is going to _ _ by them.3.She was going to read the book. The book was going to _ _ by _4.His brother is going to speak English in class. English is going to _ _ by him in class.5.You are going to answer the phone from SH.
17、 The phone from Shanghai is going to _ _ by you.Some workers are painting the rooms nowThe rooms are being painted by some workers now.S+ am/is/are + being +过去分词过去分词Some workers were painting the rooms at 10:00 yesterdayThe rooms were being painted by some workers at 10:00 yesterday.S+ was/were + be
18、ing +过去分词过去分词We have made twenty more keysTwenty more keys have been made by us.S+ have/has + been+过去分词过去分词have(has)+ been +done1.The doctor has saved many peoples lives. Many peoples lives _ _ _by the doctor.2.The dustmen havent collected the rubbish. The rubbish _ _ _ by the dustmen yet.3.They hav
19、e sold out the magazines. The magazines_ _ _ _by _.4.Someone has just broken the glass. The glass _just _ _by someone. have been saved hasnt been collectedhave been sold out them has been brokenWe had made twenty more keys by the end of last week.Twenty more keys had been made by us by the end of la
20、st week.S+ had + been+过去分词过去分词S+ would + be+过去分词过去分词一些使役动词一些使役动词(let, have, make等)或感观动词或感观动词(see, hear, watch, notice等)在动语态中后面接在动语态中后面接的动词不定式不带的动词不定式不带to，但改为被动语态时，要补，但改为被动语态时，要补上上to。如：。如：The boss makes the workers work 18 hours a day. The workers are made to work 18 hours a day by the boss.I saw him
21、 enter the house.He was seen to enter the house by me.The teacher let them leave the classroom after class.They were let to leave the classroom by the teacher after class.We hear her sing in the room every day.She is heard to sing in the room every day.注意注意当使用当使用see/hear/watch sb doing sth时，变为被动时，变为
22、被动语态时，语态时，doing保持不变。如：保持不变。如：I saw him going into the shop.(主动)He was seen going into the shop.(被动) 使役动词和感观动词主被动语态对照表使役动词和感观动词主被动语态对照表主动语态被动语态使役动词make sb do sthsb be made to do sthhave sb do sthsb be had to do sthlet sb do sthsb be let to do sth感观动词see sb do sthsb be seen to do sthwatch sb do sthsb
23、be watched to do sthhear sb do sthsb be heard to do sthnotice sb do sthsb be noticed to do sthgo 含有短语的被动语态结构。含有短语的被动语态结构。 一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才有承受者。但许多不及物动词加上副词或介及物动词才有承受者。但许多不及物动词加上副词或介词构成动词短语也相当于及物动词的用法，可以带宾语，词构成动词短语也相当于及物动词的用法，可以带宾语，因而也有被动语态。动词短语主要有三种：因而也有被动语态。动词短语主要有三
24、种：A 及物动词及物动词+副词副词 如：如： turn off 、 set up 、 carry out 、 put off 、take away 、 turn on 、 hand in 、 move away 、 pass on 、 write down 、put away 、 put on 、 take down 、send away 、 try on 、 put down 、sell out 、 hold on 、 try out 、 send up 、 take off 、 wear out 、wake up 、take out 、dress up 、 give back 、 work
25、 out 、 get back 、 find out 、pick up 、give up 、 pull up 、 put up 等等B 不及物动词不及物动词+介词介词 如：如： look after talk about play with等等 C.“动词动词+名词名词+介词介词” 构成的短语构成的短语。如： take care of、 pay attention to、make use of等动词短语是不可等动词短语是不可分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的副词或介词。分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的副词或介词。请看下面的例子：请看下面的例子：They set
26、 up the factory in 2000. The factory was set up in 2000.Our school will put off the School Sports meeting until December. The School Sports meeting will be put off until December.People have talked about the accident . The accident has been talked about.You should pay more attention to your study th
27、is year. Your study should be paid more attention to this year.带有介词或副词的动词短语，在改为被动语态时，不能把介词或副词带有介词或副词的动词短语，在改为被动语态时，不能把介词或副词拆开。拆开。带有双宾语的被动结构在句中的使用。带有双宾语的被动结构在句中的使用。 有些动词可以带两个宾语，即有些动词可以带两个宾语，即指人的间宾指人的间宾和和指物的直宾指物的直宾。可以将其中一。可以将其中一个宾语提到前面做主语，另一个留在后面。个宾语提到前面做主语，另一个留在后面。A.Her parents bought her a new compu
28、ter yesterday. She was bought a new computer yesterday. A new computer was bought for her yesterday.B.They have given me some good advice. I have been given some good advice. Some good advice has been given to me.C.She will write a long letter to David Smith. A long letter will be written to David S
29、mith. David Smith will be written a long letter. buy sth for sbgive sth to sb带双宾语的动词主要有以下几个：give, buy, sell, take, bring, make, hand, pass, keep, send等带双宾语等带双宾语的动词，改为被动语态，当用直接宾语作主语时，要根据动词的习的动词，改为被动语态，当用直接宾语作主语时，要根据动词的习惯配搭、要在间接宾语前补上介词惯配搭、要在间接宾语前补上介词to或或for.它们的句型主要有以下几个：它们的句型主要有以下几个：give sth to sb=giv
30、e sb sthbuy sth for sb=buy sb sthsell sth to sb=sell sb sthtake sth to sb=take sb sthbring sth to sb=bring sb sthmake sth for sb=make sb sthhand sth to sb=hand sb sthpass sth to sb=pass sb sthkeep sth for sb=keep sb sthsend sth to sb=send sb sth 例：例：He passed me some paper.(主动主动) Some paper was pass
31、ed to me by him.（被动）（被动）You must keep some fruit for him.(主动主动) Some fruit must be kept for him.（被动）（被动）1). 不及物动词没有被动语态。不及物动词没有被动语态。 如：如：belong, happen, take place, last, come true, remain, succeed, fall, die, arrive, 等。等。 * Great changes have taken place in this city. * That bike doesnt belong to M
32、ike. 2) 表示静态的及物动词不用被动语态表示静态的及物动词不用被动语态have / fitI have a TV set.The coat fits me well.3）祈使句一般没有被动语态。）祈使句一般没有被动语态。【正正】Look at the blackboard，please 【误误】The blackboard is looked at by you 4)系动词没有被动态和进行时态系动词没有被动态和进行时态这鱼味道很好。这鱼味道很好。这条围巾摸上去很软。这条围巾摸上去很软。The fish tastes good.The scarf feels soft.5)反身代词在句中作
33、宾语时，不能用被动语态。反身代词在句中作宾语时，不能用被动语态。【正正】You must look after yourself 【误误】Yourself must be looked after 6)某些动词形式是主动，但含有被动的意思。某些动词形式是主动，但含有被动的意思。这书很好卖。这书很好卖。这种布很好洗。这种布很好洗。The book sells well.This kind of cloth washes very well.这书卖完了。这书卖完了。 The book is sold out.The watch needs mending .=The watch needs to
34、be mended.=We need to mend the watch.这块表需要修理一下。这块表需要修理一下。把下列主动句改为被动句把下列主动句改为被动句1. The boy cleaned the desk a moment ago. The desk was cleaned by the boy a moment ago.2. We will plant 2000 trees next year. 2000 trees will be planted by us next year.3. You must keep the room clean and tidy. The room m
35、ust be kept clean and tidy by you.4. The police have caught the thief. The thief has been caught by the police.5. The farmers are cutting down the trees on the hill. The trees on the hill are being cut down by the farmers.Fill in the blanks1.He _(buy)a dictionary last Sunday. But this dictionary _(n
36、ot buy) by him.2. The League _(found) in 1922.3. Look!That child _(sing) this song. And it _(sing) by many children, too.4. They _(mend) 10 desks already.5. He is very ill. Hed better _(take) to the hospital.6. It_(snow)hard now and the ground _(cover) with snow soon.boughtwasnt boughtwas foundedis
37、singingis sunghave mendedbe takenis snowingwill be covered7. Yesterday I _(make) one kite. The other two _(make) by Kate.8. She was seen _(help) that old man.9. We _(do) homework every day and it must _（do) carefully.10. There are four boys _(plant) trees in the park and there are 10 more trees _(pl
38、ant).to be plantedplantingbe donedomadewere madeto help1.People use knives for cutting things.Knives _ _ for cutting things.2.The students clean the windows of their classroom twice a month.The windows of their classroom_ _ twice a month. are usedarecleaned(变被动语态）变被动语态）七嘴八舌3.I found the ticket on th
39、e floor._ _ _ _ on the floor.4.I told her to return the book in time.She _ _ to return the book in time.The ticket was found was told3. We found the ticket on the floor .5. His doctor made him have only two meals a day.He _ _ _ _ only two meals a day.6.Now people can use computers to help them.Now c
40、omputers _ _ _ to help them. was made to have can be used7. Did you plant many trees at this time last year?_ _ _ _ at this time last time?8.Must we finish our work today?_ our work_ _ today?Were many trees plantedMust be finished9. The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.1) _ _ _ some won
41、derful stamps.2) Some wonderful stamps _ _ _ _. we were given were given to us10.The teacher asked Tom to turn on the computer.Tom _ _ to turn on the computer.11.In this factory women do most of the work. Most of the work _ _ by women in this factory. was asked is done12.He can mend the bike in two
42、days.The bike _ _ _ in two days.13.You must take this medicine three times a day.This medicine _ _ _ three times a day. can be mended must be taken14.The students in this school study German.German _ _ by the students in this school.15.Do they often talk about this question?_ this question often _ a
43、bout _ _? is studiedIs talked by them1Stamps_by people for sending letters.A.use B.using C.used D.are used.2.Must old people_to politely?A.speak B.spoken C.be spoke D.be spoken3. Bike mustnt_everywhere.A.be up B.be put C.put C.putting4.The woman fell off the bike and _on the road.A.lay B.was lain C.
44、lied D.has lainDDBA5.The old man and the children_in our country.A.must take good care .B.must be take good care ofC.must take good care of Dmust be taken good care of 6.All trees must_well when it is dry.A.be water B.watering C.water D.be watered7._I think the shop_._No,its open. It_at six. A.close
45、, close B closed, closedC.closed;closes D. is closed ,closes DDD将下列句子变为被动语态，每空一词。将下列句子变为被动语态，每空一词。1. We can finish the work in two days. The work _ _ _ in two days.2. They produce silk in Suzhou. Silk _ _ in Suzhou.3. The children will sing an English song. An English song _ _ _ by the children. 4.
46、You neednt do it now. It _ _ _ by you now.5. Lucy sent me a New Year Card last week.A New Year Card _ _ _ me by Lucy last week. 6.He made me do that for him.I _ _ _ _that for him.7. I have given this book to the library.This book _ _ _ to the library. can be finishedis producedwill be sungneednt be
47、donewas sent towas made to dohas been given1.Rice in the south of china.A grows B is grown C are grown D grew2.English by us every morning.A is B reads C are read D is read 3. A car in1885.A were invented B was inventedC is invented D invented4.The shop last night.A is robbed B was robbed C are robb
48、ed D opened 5.The work must in two weeks.A be finish B be finished C finish D will finisBDBBB5.The work must in two weeks.A be finish B be finished C finish D will finish6. Those things may to the room.A move B moved C be moved D are moved7.Where the cars ?A aremade B domakeC were made D is .made8.T
49、he train station in 1981.A is built B are built C was built D were builtBCCC1. The Peoples Republic of China _ on October 1, 1949.A. found B. was founded C. is founded D. was found 2. English _ in Canada. A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is spoken 3 This English song _ by the girls after cl
50、ass.A. often sings B. often sang C. is often sang D. is often sung4. This kind of car _ in Japan. A. makes B. made C. is making D. is made5. New computers _ all over the world. A. is used B. are using C. are used D. have used6. Our room must _ clean. A. keep B. be kept C. to be kept D. to keep 7. -I