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1、Chapter 5 The British Educational SystemSchool TodayvPre-primary SchoolsvPrimary SchoolsvSecondary SchoolsvUniversity / College Pre-Primary SchoolsvPre-school education is available (often on a fee-paying basis) for children aged 2 to 4/5 through playgroups and nursery schools (many are private). vT
2、he emphasis is on group work, creative activity and guided play. 1.State Schools (公立学校): 11-year Compulsory Education (5-16)State Primary School Comprehensive School (84%), Grammar School (3%) or Secondary Modern School (7%)2.Public Schools/ Independent Schools (独立学校/公学):Prep School Public (Independ
3、ent) School (7%)Two Systems of primary and secondary education in Britain:Question: What are the main differences between the two?State schoolsPublic schoolsSchool FundingState funding from central government; Supplemented by local financeTuition fees; Endowments (捐赠) or donations from society (esp.
4、 alumni to their alma maters)Attendance93%7%Teaching Staff and FacilitiesPublic schools have better teaching staff & facilities.GraduatesStudents from the public schools are more promising, e.g. Eton College has educated 20 Prime Ministers, 6 Chancellors of Exchequers, etc.Primary PhasevCompulsory e
5、ducation begins at 5 in England, Wales and Scotland and 4 in Northern Ireland.vPupils mainly attend state sector primary schools (co-educational or mixed schools). Infants Schools = First Schools (for 2 years from 5)Junior Schools (for 4 years to 11)vTheres little or no specialist subject teaching a
6、nd great emphasis is on literacy and numeracy in early years. vPrep Schools (预备学校) (from 7/8 to 13) (separate; fees; entrance exam )Secondary SchoolsvState Schools (93%) 1. Comprehensive Schools (综合中学) (84%) (No entrance exam, general education) 2. Grammar Schools (文法中学) (“the 11 plus” examination 选
7、拔优秀小学生毕业考试, preparing students for higher education)(3%) 3. Secondary Modern Schools (现代中学) (7%)vPublic Schools = Independent Schools (7%)The National CurriculumvEnglish vDesign & Technology vGeography vMathematics vInformation Technology vMusic vScience vArt vPhysical Education vHistory vModern For
8、eign LanguageExams vCompulsory education ends at age 16. vAt 16, students in England and Wales take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education中学毕业证书) examinations involving a final exam, an assessment of work done during the two-year course, or both of these things. Then they can leave school
9、and find a job.vOther pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training and get the GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification 国家专业资格证书, 5 levels).Tertiary educationv延续教育(Further Education)是继小学(Primary)中学(Secondary)教育之后的“第三级教育”(Tertiary)。为进入高等教育或者就业打下基础。也是中国的高中学生留
10、学英的关键阶段。一般来说接受延续教育的学生介于16和18岁之间。v它分为两种体系：学业路线（Academic Route）和职业路线（Vocational Route）。学业路线着重于培养学术研究方面的人才，职业路线则结合社会各层面的职业需要，培养在各种行业中具有专门技能和知识的人才。vSome more ambitious and hardworking students will take GCE O-level (一般水平普通教育证书) exams. If they pass, they may transfer to a Sixth Form school (六年级学校) or ter
11、tiary college (三级学校) to learn A-level classes for 2 years.vAt 18, they take GCE A-level examinations (Advanced General Certificate of Education 高级水平普通教育证书大学入学考试), usually in not more than 3 subjects. Its necessary to have A-levels in order to go to a university or other institutions of higher educat
12、ion.Widely Held BeliefsvFirstly, “the best way to ensure good results is to vest (赋予) responsibility for a job in an individual body and then allow it to go in its own way, intervening (干预) only if its manifestly (显而易见地) not performing its job properly.” vSecondly, “a school is not only a place for
13、learning but also a society, free to plan and conduct its corporate life as seems best to it, provided that it keeps this life within the accepted framework laid down by social convention and the national policy for education.” vQuestion for you: How do you interpret the beliefs above?vIndividual sc
14、hools enjoy great freedom and space! vAlthough the ultimate responsibility for the educational system lies with the parliament, it doesnt lay down what subjects shall be taught; nor does it give any directions about teaching methods, or prescribe (规定、指定、开处方) any textbooks.vThe Queen once said, “ A h
15、eadmaster once told me that in his opinion the freedom which teachers have is the most valuable thing in British education”.Case StudyvCompared with that in Chinese counterparts, the curriculum in the UK primary or secondary schools is much simpler. (esp. mathematics & reading) WHY? Is their Intelli
16、gence Quotient low?vAccording to a schoolmaster in Bristol:1. The compulsory education aims to cultivate eligible (合格的) citizens rather than elites;2. Curiosity and self-confidence matter a lot more than the knowledge itself. 3. Shaping characters and individuality is emphasized. Team spirit and lea
17、dership can be developed through games.Public Schools vIn the UK private schools are confusingly called public schools! vOnly enroll pupils from prep schools.vHigh tuition fees + large quantity of social endowments = affording smaller classes + better faculty (with nice salaries)vMainly single-sex r
18、ather than co-ed schools.vBoarding schools. vQuestion: Who are attending such schools? vThe students are largely from aristocratic (贵族) and upper class families.vDespite the high fees they account for around 7% of the total school population.vBUT opponents voice doubts: Its socially divisive and bre
19、eds elitism; they are offering more promising opportunities to 7% of British children, but its unfair for the remaining 93%! The Most Well-known Public Schools:vEton College (伊顿公学) (1440 by King Henry VI)vHarrow School (哈罗公学) (1571) (Byron, Churchill) (for Boys only)vWinchester College (温切斯特公学) (139
20、4)vRugby School (拉格贝公学) (1567) (Rugby was first played here.) To send a boy to a leading public school costs1200 to 2000, even 3500 a term.Eton CollegevFor boys ONLY!vIts students are from noble and upper class families. (Prince Charles, William & Harry)vSo far, about 20 PMs were educated at Eton.vT
21、he school fee includes tuition, board & lodging, laundry, personal accident insurance, and the cost of most activities.vHow much is the tuition at Eton? An annual fee of about 16,000.Eton CollegeEton Pupilswith the tutorHigher EducationvAll British universities are self-governing and fee-charging. T
22、hey receive financial aid through the University Grants Committee (高校基金委员会) from the government.vOver 42% of pupils become university students on leaving school at 18.v110 universities in UK (93 in England, 13 in Scotland, 2 in Wales and 2 in N. Ireland) v3 categories: old universities, redbrick uni
23、versities (1850-1930), new universities (WWII- present). Entrance ProceduresvIn the third term of Year 12, students prepare their applications to university. vApplications are then made in the first term of the Year 13 through one centralized organization known as UCAS (Universities and Colleges Adm
24、issions Service大学院校入学委员会 ).vStudents can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions.vAdmission selection on basis of A level results & an interview. vFee-charging (on the average: 1200-3000) vDegreesBA / BSc 3 years full-timeMA / MSc 1 year full-time / 2 years part-timePhD at least 3 years or
25、iginal researchBA: Bachelor of Arts (文学学士)BSc: Bachelor of Science (理学学士)BS: 同上Teaching Methods vThe UK educational system encourages self-study, discussions and practical work. The students may have time-tabled classes or might be encouraged to do more of independent work for a substantial amount o
26、f time depending on the course.vMost of the courses would include the following teaching methods: A. Lectures 讲座vThe professors dominate the lectures which serve to guide the students. vThe size of the class is generally large, often up to 100 students. vNO prescribed textbooks but reading lists and
27、 handouts (讲稿讲稿)!B. Seminars 讨论会vThe seminars provide the students with a platform for sharing their views on a given topic. vThe students are told in advance about a topic & are required to prepare a presentation on it. vWhat is the point of attending seminars?The discussions that take place in sem
28、inars often help students understand a topic better in different perspectives and help students develop their communication skills. C. Tutorials 导师辅导课vTutorials give you focused guidance on a particular topic once a week.vThe size of tutorials is quite small. (15-20)Every student has to speak in cla
29、ss.vThe students meet with the professors individually to discuss their concerns about the topic that they have undertaken and thus seek individual guidance. D. Independent workvStudents are supposed to investigate a topic in detail and develop their own views about it. (off-campus research)vThis us
30、ually involves working individually or in a small group with other students to research a topic.vProduce written work or make presentation for a seminar. E. Coursework 课程论文学年作业vThis may include essays, reports, projects, presentations or reflections. vCoursework is assessed and given grades.vAssessm
31、ent: a combination of methodsvQuestion: Is the written exam a must for course assessment? NOT necessarily! Take Marketing Management for example, coursework 65% (group presentation 20% + individual reflection 20% + business plan 25%) + written exam 35%Plagiarism 剽窃vPlagiarism means presenting other
32、peoples work as ones own without acknowledging the source or referencing.vCheating or plagiarism can result in students not being allowed to graduate. vAdvice is normally given by your professors on an acceptable way and amount of referencing. (footnote / bibliography)CambridgeCambridge University w
33、as founded in 1209 by students fleeing from Oxford after one of the many episodes of violence between the university and the town of Oxford.Famous StudentsvJohn MiltonvCharles DarwinvPrince CharlesVice-Chancellor Professor Alison RichardvCambridge is one of the worlds great universities, and has the
34、 ability to transform lives. If you study here, you will experience that quality at first hand. Day to day, you will work with academic staff who are leaders in their fields, and who are also committed to see you succeed, and to help you develop your ideas, knowledge and understanding.Oxford Univers
35、ityFamous StudentsvOscar WildevSamuel JohnsonvBill ClintonvTony BlairvMargaret ThatcherOxfordvLegend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872 to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. Like a grammar school, it was just a place for teaching Latin gr
36、ammar at that time. The University actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew. Chancel
37、lor of OxfordvOxford is one of the greatest universities in the world. It has played a distinguished part in the history of our country and our continent, and has much to contribute to our success and our well-being as a civilized community in the future.vChris PattenOxbridge Boat RacevThe Boat Race
38、 between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829.vThe event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The race has been won by Cambridge 79 times and Oxford 73 so far. vThe race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard (6.8 km) stretch of the River Thames between
39、 Putney and Mortlake in London.vOxford wear dark blue and Cambridge light blue. vThe Dark Blue CrewvThe Light Blues & Dark BluesvGlasgow University Nottingham UniversityBuckingham Uni.vVerney Park Campusv Chandos Road CampusvUniversity graduates dominate British political leadership, especially thos
40、e from Oxbridge Thatcher & Blair from Oxford; 2/3 of Blairs cabinet members educated at Oxford or Cambridge.Students ActivitiesOutingvPubbingSportsRugbyFootballChoirChinese Higher EducationenrollmentexpansionResources are straining.Education quality is suffering.Intense competitionin the job market.
41、elite edu. vs. mass edu.dilemmaHave a discussion on the defects of Chinese higher educationvDefect 1: Blind Enrollment ExpansionvDefect 2: Awkward Teaching MethodvDefect 3: Prescribed / Designated TextbooksvDefect 4: Unreasonable CurriculumvDefect 5:Unfair Assessment SystemDefect 1: Blind Enrollment
42、 ExpansionvUniversities seem to have enrolled more than they can accommodate! vLimited facilities & space, insufficient resources, shabby dorms (slum)vExpansion means a lot more! Fierce competition in the job market, Defect 2: Awkward Teaching MethodvTeachers tend to spoon-feed their students who ar
43、e in turn spoon-fed and force-fed!vMore trust, freedom, interactions and responsibilities for the students! vTeachers should serve as advisors & assistants! Defect 3: Prescribed / Designated TextbooksvA lack of flexibility (few alternative choices)vOutdated contents (keep pace with) vThe prescribed
44、textbooks can be replaced by Defect 4: Unreasonable CurriculumvMany outdated courses should be abolished! (Marxism philosophy, Deng Xiaoping Theory, Mao Zedong Thoughts, Military Theory.)vMore utilitarian courses are welcome! (Computer Science, Business, Finance, Accounting, Law)vOne shouldnt be con
45、fined to ones specific field.vMoral education is in urgent demand! (campus violence, suicide, theft, murder)Defect 5:Unfair Assessment SystemvExam-oriented style! (Scores talk!)vStudents: exams of lottery (memory test / work overtime shortly before the test) vTeachers? How to improve it?vIts a time-
46、consuming & systematic project.vNever wait for the improvement! Get a move now! vYou and me are part of Chinese higher education! vTry to make the best and most of the current situation! vStop complaining and try to make a difference from now on. Homework for Next WeekvCollect the information about the British broadcasting, newspapers and magazines to be prepared for Chapter 6 British Mass Media and chapter 7 Britain and the World.