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1、Chapter 1 ExercisesA.Complete the following sentencesB.Give the meaning for the following combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes and provide one example for each.1.embry/oembryoembryology2.-ismprocess/conditionmechanism3.cardi/oheartcardiovascular4.chrom/ocolorchromatin5.crin/osecretionendocrinolog
2、y6.cyt/ocellcytology7. gensth that produces or is producedpathogen8.lymph/olymphlymphatic9.-logythe study ofpsychology10. -arpertaining toregularC. match column I with column IIColumn I Combining form, prefix and suffixMatchingColumn II English termepi-21 protection/safehemat/o82 abovevascul/o103 li
3、fe-somes74 formation, growth, substance of formation-cyte55 cell-plasm46 inner/withinendo-67 bodiesimmune/o18 blooderythr/o129 tissuehist/o910 blood vesselthyr/o1311 to cut openphysic/o1512 redadren/o1413 thyroid gland-tomy1114 adrenal glandBi/o315 physicalD.Give the stress to the following medical
4、terms, for example: histo therapy1 adrenalitisa,drenalitis2 cellularcellular3 molecularmolecular4 cardiopathycardiopathy5 erythrocytometere,rythrocytometer6 erythrogenesise,rythrogenesis7 embryoma,embryoma8 symptomaticsymptomatic9 immunology,immunology10 metabolism,endocardial11 chromatoplasm,endoce
5、llar12 erythrocyte,epithelial13 embryoma,epidermatitis14 embryopathologyerythrocyte15 endocrinologye,rythocytometer16 endocardiale,rythogenesis17 endocellular,histopathology18 epithelial,symptomatic19 epidermatitis,immunology20 erythrocytemetabolism21 lymphomalymphoma22 lymphologylymphology23 psycho
6、biology,psychobiology24 chromosomeschromosomes25 ribosomeribosome26 hyperthyroidism,hyperthyroidism27 hypothyroidism,hypothyroidism28 thyroiditisthyroiditis29 anatomyanatomy30 vasculolymphatic,vasculolymphaticSection B ReadingsPassage One Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:Classification of or
7、gan systemsStructure and function of each organ systemAssociated medical termsExercises A.Discuss the following topics1.Why do we study anatomy and physiology?Because it is necessary to understand how human body s parts are put together and how they function.2.Suppose you were a professor of anatomy
8、 trying to introduce the human body to your students at the first class, where would you like to begin and how would you like to proceed?(how many systems are there in the human body? What are they?)Firstly, name the ten systems usefully classified by anatomists, that is ; then use one sentence to i
9、ntroduce the composition and their functions.3.Give brief accounts of the structures and functions of each organ system.The first two sentences of each paragraph have given the answers and find them out. B.Rewrite the following sentences in your own way and use phrases and expressions you are famili
10、ar with.Fox example: The digestive system consists of a tube extending from the mouth to the arms.The digestive system begins at the mouth and ends at the anus and the whole system described as a tube.1.The skeletal system is composed of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage.The skeletal system
11、 consists of bones, joints and soft bones.2.The contraction of the muscular system produces heat, which helps maintain a constant body temperature.Heat is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the body temperature constant.3.The circulatory system distributes needed materials and r
12、emoves unneeded ones.The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing waste ones.4.The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor.Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.5.The break
13、down (of food), known as digestion, is both a mechanical and a chemical process.The digestion of food involved both mechanical and chemical procedures.6.The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body.The urinary system keep
14、s normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.7.A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head.A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the milled of the head. The pituitary is a major gland located under the brai
15、n in the middle of the head.8.The information is processed by the brain, and then messagesare carried back to muscles and glands throughout the body.The brain collects and processes information and then sends instruction to all parts of body to be carried out.9.The male reproductive system is respon
16、sible for producing, transporting and maintaining viable sperm.The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keep active male sex cells.10. The skin is a complete system that protects the inner structures of the body, and it is the largest of the body s organs.The l
17、argest of the body s organs, the skin protects the inner structures of the body with a complete layer.C.Put the following words or phrases into the following sentences and change the form if necessary.Skeleton systemcartilageresiduesexhaleEvaporationStriated musclesovumtactileaccessoryantibody1.The
18、blood is also part of the body s defense system. It has _ (antibodies) _and leukocytes that protect the body against foreign invaders.2.The skin is a complete layer that protects the inner structures of the body and it is the largest of the body s organs. Hair and nail are _ (accessory) _structures
19、of the skin.3.The human skin is covered with plenty of nerves and any touch on it provides _ (tactile)_information to the central nerve system.4.The function of _ （skeleton system）_is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachmen
20、t for the muscles that move the body.5.When we breathe, we inhale fresh air with oxygen and _ (exhale) _ _carbon dioxide.6.The body s temperature can be lowered by _ (evaporation) _of sweat from the skin.7.An infant s skeleton is made of _ (cartilage) _that is gradually replaced by bone as the infan
21、t grows into adult.8._ (Striated muscles) _can be consciously controlled and therefore is called voluntary muscle.9.When _ (ovas) _are not fertilized by sperm, they are to be eliminated from the body.10. When liquid remainder of food enters the colon, most of the fluid is absorbed and the relatively
22、 dry _ (residues) _are expelled.D.Match Column I and Column IIColumn IMatchColumn IIThyroid61Inner substance of bone that is responsible for producing blood cellsMetabolism22The physical and chemical processed by which living substance is maintained and by which energy is produced.Enzyme93Nourish su
23、bstancePotassium74A blood vessel with a very slender, hairlike opening Trachea85Chemical messengers or substance produced by various endocrine glandsCapillary46A gland located between the collar bones and its secretion control the body s metabolism.Bone marrow17A soft, silverwhite, metallic chemical
24、 element that occurs in nature only in compoundsHematology108A membranous and cartilaginous tube commonly called windpipeNutrient39A protein substance produced in living cells, that influences a chemical reaction within a plant or animal without being changed by itself. Hormone510The study of bloodE
25、.Translate the following into English1 心血管疾病Cardiovascular disease2 脑垂体的功能function of the pituitary3 泌尿道the urinary tract4 分子molecules5 动脉artery6 内分泌学endocrinology7 呼吸困dyspnea/ difficulty in respiration8 唾液saliva9 组织学histology10 血液循环blood circulation11 血液学hematology12 生理学physiology13 解剖学anatomy14 女性
26、生殖系统female reproductive system15 神经细胞nervous cells16 免疫学immunology17 消化不良indigestion / poor in digestion18 随意肌voluntary muscle19 胚胎学embryology20 心理学psychologyPassage Two Cells and TissuesExercises A.discuss the following topics1.Why do the body systems have to work as a whole despite the fact that e
27、ach system serves its specific function?It is because no system is independent of the others; they work together to maintain the body s state of internal stability, termed homeostasis.2.What are the vital parts of a cell?Cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. Endoplasmic reticulum(ER), cytoplasm, rib
28、osomes, nucleolus, chromosomes, cell membrane, vacuole, golgi apparatus, lysosome, mitochondrion, centrioles, nucleus3.Give brief accounts of the structures and functions of the cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.4.List the four types of tissues.Epithelial tissues, connective tissue, muscle tissue
29、, nervous tissue5.Suppose you were a linguist and asked to explain the difference between RNA and DNA, how would you explain (from the point of view of word formation)?Suppose you were a molecule biologist and asked to explain the difference between RNA and DNA, how would you explain?RNA stands for
30、ribonucleic acid with oxygen, the DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid without oxygen.B.Translate the following into English1.细胞学cytology2. 原生质protoplasm3. 细胞膜cell membrane4. 细胞核cell nucleus5. 细胞质（浆）cytoplasm6. 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid7. 能半渗透的semi permeable8. 分子生物学molecular biology9. 碳水化合物carbond
31、ydrate10. 有区别性地differentially11. 使完整to keep intact12. 根据 on the evidence of13. 遗传特性hereditary trait14. 渗透diffusion15. 转换transaction16. 蓝图blueprint17. 染色体chromosome18. 色素pigment19. 排出废液to excrete waste liquid20. 散开to disperse21. 脉冲信号impulse22. 核糖核酸ribonucleic acidC.translate the following into Chines
32、e1. Located along the endoplasmic reticulum as well as elsewhere in the cytoplasm are numerous ribosomes.细胞质的各处以及沿着胞浆网有数量很多的核糖体。2. Small chambers located on the cell membrane called caveolae gather chemical signals and channel them into the cells.位于细胞膜上的叫做“小穴”的小室收集化学信号，并把它们传送到细胞。3. Scientists who st
33、udy cells have determined that a single cell may be as large as a tennis ball or so small that thousands would fit on the point of a needle.研究细胞的科学家已经确立：一个细胞可能有一个网球那么大，也可能成千山万个细胞在一起才有针尖那么大。4. For one-celled organisms this fluid is an external body of water the ocean, a lake, or a stream. For many-ce
34、lled plants and animals, however, the medium is part of the organism in plants, the sap; in animals, the blood.对于那些单细胞的有机体而言，这种液体是体细胞以外的水，即海洋、湖泊或小溪；但对弈多细胞的有机体而言，这种媒介就是生命体的一部分-对于植物来讲是它的汁液，对于动物来讲就是它的血液。D. Fill in each blank with one proper word; try not to look back at the passage until you finish.Cel
35、ls are organized in tissues, and tissues are arranged into organs, which in (1)_turn_ grouped into systems. Each body system serves its specific function. Bear (2)_in_ mind however that the body functions as a whole-no system is (3)_ independent_ of the others.They work together to maintain the body
36、 s state of internal (4)_stability _, termed homeostasis.Now let s begin our discussion with cells, the (5)_smallest_ unit of living matter that can exist by itself.Cells exist in a variety of shapes and (6)_sizes_. They may, for example, e cube-shaped or flat. Scientists (7)_ who_ study cells have
37、determined that a single cell may be as large as a tennis ball or (8)_ so_ small that thousands would fit on the point of a needle.The yolk a hen s egg is actually a very large cell. By (9)_contrast_, bacteria-each one of which is a tiny cell-are among the smallest cells.(10)_Regardless_of its shape
38、 or size, every cell contains the “ machinery” needed to maintain life. While normally cells function with great efficiency, they are subject to various disorders that result in disease. Chapter 2 ExercisesA.Complete the following sentences1.Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix _ back_
39、to the beginning of the term and _across_.2.Drop the _combining_ vowel before a suffix _beginning _ with a vowel.3._Keep_ the combining vowel between two roots.B.Give the meaning for the following combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes and provide one example for each.col/othe coloncolitisgastr/oth
40、e stomachgastritisenter/othe intestineenteritispulm/othe lungspulmonitismamm/othe breastsmammitisthyr/o, thyroid/othe thyroidthyroiditislumphangi/othe lymph vessellymphangitisvascul/othe blood vesselvasculitisadrenal/othe adrenal glandadrenalitisangi/othe blood vesselangitisC. match column I with co
41、lumn IIColumn I Combining form, prefix and suffixMatchingColumn II English terman-21 apartana-12 not/withoutdia-93 diseaseelectr/o-184 pertaining toen-115 abnormal conditiongnos/o76 surgical repair-gram157 knowledge-graphy178 breathmamm/o139 complete, through-meter1610 treatment-osis511 in, within-o
42、us412 chestpath/o313 breastphag/o2014 urine-plasty615 record-scope1916 instrument for measuringspir/o817 process of recordingsteth/o1218 electricity-therapy1019 instrument for viewing or examiningurin/o1420 eat, swallowD.Give the stress to the following medical terms, for example: histo therapyasymp
43、tomatic,asymptomaticanemiaanemiaamorphousamorphousangioplastyangio,plastyangitisangitisantibioticantibi,otichereditaryhereditarydeoxyribonucleic acidde,oxy,ribonucleicacidelectroencephalograme,lectroencephalogramendemicendemicangiogramangiogrammyelogrammyelogramelectrocardiographe,lectrocardiographc
44、hronographchronographyspirographspirographradiography,radiographyultrasonography,ultrasonographyhepatogastric,hepatogastricmammographymammographysclerosissclerosistuberculosistu,berculosispsychosispsychosisphagocytosis,phagocytosisosteoplastyosteo,plastyspirometerspirometerstethoscopestethoscopestet
45、halgiastethalgiachemotherapy,chemotherapyurinoglucosometer,urinoglucosometergenitourinary,genitourinarySection B ReadingsPassage One Human DiseaseIn this passage you will learn:Disease and pathologyThe classification of diseaseGerm s invasion of the human bodyThe body s defense against invasionThe b
46、ody s immunity to diseaseExercises A.Discuss the following topics1.What is pathology? What does modern approach to the study of disorder emphasize?Pathology is the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. The modern approach to the study of disorder emph
47、asizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body disease.2.How can a disease be classified?A disease can be classified by periods of disease such as epidemic disease, endemic disease, acute disease, c
48、hronic disease, subacute disease; it can be classified by their causative agents, such as infectious/communicable disease caused by ting organisms, viruses or tiny worms, noninfectious disease caused by malfunctions of the body, disability and illness provoked by psychological and social factors, in
49、heritable birth defects resulting from alternations in gene patterns.3.How germs enter the human body?Germs enter the body in various ways. Some are breathed in; others enter through sexual contact of human bodies; still others get in the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect v
50、ector. 4.How does the human body fight against disease?There are two lines of defense, the first line are the physical barriers consisting of the skin and mucous membranes, breathing passageways, high body temperature (37 ), wax in the outer ear canals and tears from eye ducts and stomach acid; the