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1、2021年考研英语12021年考研英语一真题_答案及详解20_年考研英语一答案 详解 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following te_t.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have bee an important issue recently.The cou
2、rt cannot _1_its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_justices behave like politicians.Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for e_le, appeared at political events.That kind of activity make
3、s it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_th
4、e question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_those in power and have no need to _13_political support.Our legal sys
5、tem was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_is inescapably polit
6、ical-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_as unjust.The justices must _18_doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves _19_to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1.Aemph
7、asize Bmaintain Cmodify D recognize 2.Awhen Blest Cbefore D unless 3.Arestored Bweakened Cestablished D eliminated 4.Achallenged Bpromised Csuspected D accepted 5.Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded 6.Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone 7.Aresorts Bsticks Cloads Dapplies 8.Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle 9
8、.Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict 10.Aby Bas Cthough Dtowards 11.Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough 12.Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace 13.Aconfirm Be_press Ccultivate Doffer 14.Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied 15.Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconceptions 16.Ae_cludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols 17
9、.Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted 18.Asuppress Be_ploit Caddress Dignore 19.Aaccessible Bamiable Cagreeable Daccountable 20.Aby all mesns Batall costs Cin a word Das a result Section II Reading prehension Part A Directions: Read the following four te_ts.Answer the questions below each te_t by
10、 choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Te_t 1 e on Everybodys doing it.That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual se_.But in her new
11、book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitze
12、r Prize, offers a host of e_le of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe se_ among their
13、peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health caigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please dont s
14、moke!” pleads one billboard caign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of th
15、e social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough e_ploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for
16、very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mi_ed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups e_ert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as n
17、egative ones-spread through works of friends via social munication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully e_perts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous d
18、irections.Its like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21.
19、According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as A a supplement to the social cure B a stimulus to group dynamics C an obstacle to school progress D a cause of undesirable behaviors 22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should A recruit professional advertisers B learn from advert
20、isers e_perience C stay away from mercial advertisers D recognize the limitations of advertisements 23.In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails to A adequately probe social and biological factors B effectively evade the flaws of the social cure C illustrate the functions of state funding Dproduce
21、a long-lasting social effect 24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors A is harmful to our works of friends B will mislead behavioral studies C occurs without our realizing it D can produce negative health habits 25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure
22、 is A harmful B desirable C profound D questionable Te_t 2 A deal is a deal-e_cept, apparently ,when Entergy is involved.The pany, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding mitment to abide by the stric
23、t nuclear regulations.Instead, the pany has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.Its a stunning move.The conflict has been sur
24、facing since 20_2, when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the pany agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 20_.In 20_6, the state went a step further, requiring that an
25、y e_tension of the plants license be subject to Vermont legislatures approval.Then, too, the pany went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those mitments, or it simply didnt foresee what would happen ne_t.A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2
26、07 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management especially after the pany made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged by Entergys behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing
27、 an e_tension.Now the pany is suddenly claiming that the 20_2 agreement is invalid because of the 20_6 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some reg
28、ulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers e_tend.Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word, that de
29、bate would be beside the point.The pany seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust.Entergy runs 11 other reactors in t
30、he United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the pany has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory mission (NRC) reviews the panys application, it should keep it mind what promises from Enterg
31、y are worth.26.The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to A condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27.By entering into the 20_2 agreement, Entergy intended to A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an e_tension
32、 of its business license .D get permission to purchase a power plant.28.According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its A managerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financial goals.D business vision 29.In the authors view, the Vermont case will test A Entergys capacity to fu
33、lfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues .D the limits of states power over nuclear issues.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that A Entergys business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defi
34、ed.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermonts reputation might be damaged.Te_t 3 In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.But in the
35、everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and plicated route.We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the conte_t of our unique life e_perience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what we e_perience, what we think our e_periences mean, and the subsequent actions
36、we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a ma
37、ture discovery.This is the credibility process, through which the individual researchers me, here, now bees the munitys anyone, anywhere, anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim bees public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with m
38、ining claims, the munity takes control of what happens ne_t.Within the ple_ social structure of the scientific munity, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and f
39、inally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly acpanying technology.As a discovery claim works it through the munity, the interaction and confrontation between shared and peting beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individuals d
40、iscovery claim into the munitys credible discovery.Two parado_es e_ist throughout this credibility process.First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as inplete or incorrect.Little reward acpanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known
41、and believed.The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second, novelty itself frequently
42、provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years are
43、 required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim a process that corresponds to what philosopher Ante Baier has described as the mons of the mind.“We reason together, challenge, revise, and plete each others reasoning and
44、 each others conceptions of reason.” 31.According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its A uncertainty and ple_ity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility
45、process requires A strict inspection.Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim bees credible after it A has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been e_amined by the scientific munity.C has received recognition from editors a
46、nd reviewers.Dhas been frequently ed by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Gyrgyi would most likely agree that A scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.Dscientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the fo
47、llowing would be the best title of the test? A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Te_t 4 If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime