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1、. 页脚这才是英语语法的箴言！有了它别的乌七八糟的语法书都是扯淡 来源：陈亮的日志语法网络图一名词I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es 。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-
2、dishes 3 以 -f 或-fe 结尾的词变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加 -es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词，变y 为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加y 结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加 -s t
3、oy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加 -es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加 -s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加 -s radio-radios, bambo
4、o-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以 -th 结尾的名词加 -s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式ashes, trousers,
5、 clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义customs( 海 关 ), forces( 军 队 ), times( 时 代 ), sp
6、irits( 情 绪 ), 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - . 页脚drinks(饮料 ), sands(沙滩 ), papers(文件报纸 ), manners( 礼貌 ), looks( 外表 ), brains(头脑智力 ), greens(青菜 ), ruins(废墟 ) 7 表 示 “ 某国人 ”加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,
7、Europeans 单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以 -man或 -woman结 尾 的 改 为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合 成 名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有
8、关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加 s构成，二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s 所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加 s the boy s father, Jack s book, her son-in-law s photo, 复数名词一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加 s the children s toys, women s rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加 s 或者 Dickens novels, Charles s job, the
9、 Smiths house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加 s Japan s andAmerica s problems, Jane s and Mary s bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加 s JapanandAmerica s problems, Jane and Mary s father 表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctor s, the barber s, the tailor s, my uncle s 2. s 所有格的用法：表示时间today s newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象the ear
10、th s atmosphere, the tree s branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the country s plan, the world s population,China s industry 4 表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victory 5 表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the life s time, the play s plot 7 某些固定词组a bird s eye v
11、iew, a stone s throw, at one s wit s end(不知所措 ) 3. of 所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an） ，定冠词（ the ） ，和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a mach
12、ine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - . 页脚3 表示 “ 每一 ” 相当于 every，one We study eight hours a day. 4 表示 “ 相同 ” 相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性
13、质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one. 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+ 形容词之后She is as clever a girl as yo
14、u can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法：1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, thePacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示 “ 一家人 ” 或“ 夫妇 ”the G
15、reens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前theUnited States, the Communist Party ofChina, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented inChina. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the1990 s 11 用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，
16、及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法：1 专有名词， 物质名词， 抽象名词，人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China, love, air 2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /Whose purse is this? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincolnw
17、as made President of America. 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land 7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals. 三代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：1 人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格me, y
18、ou, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - . 页脚3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, you
19、rselves, themselves 4 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either I
20、I. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some 与 any: 1) one 可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas?Could you give me some
21、 money? 3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个， any 表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine.Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示“ 大约 ” ，any 可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every 强调整体
22、，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none 和 no：no 等于 not any，作定语。 none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in t
23、he bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指 “ 另外的，别的 ” 常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others 。如：He held a book in one hand and hi
24、s notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another 指“ 又一个，另一个” 无所指，复数形式是others ，泛指 “ 别的人或事 ” 如：I don t like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while oth
25、ers like basketball. 5. all 和 both, neither和 either all 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - . 页脚用 neither 和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books a
26、re written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四形容词和副词I.形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best bo
27、ok available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词 基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度
28、颜色国籍产地材料质地名词all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 3) 复合形容词的构成：1 形容词 +名词 +ed kind-hearted 6 名词 +形容词world-famous 2 形容词 +形容词dark-blue 7 名词 +现在分词peace-loving 3 形容词 +现在分词ordinary-looking 8 名词 +过去分词
29、snow-covered 4 副词 + 现在分词hard-working 9 数词 +名词 +ed three-egged 5 副词 + 过去分词newly-built 10 数词 +名词twenty-year II. 副词副词的分类：1 时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently 5 频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词how, where, when, why 3 方式副词hard, wel
30、l, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, 8关系副词when, where, why 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - . 页脚quite, rather III. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的
31、比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加 -er 和-est ，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和 most。1. 同级比较时常常用asas以及 not so(as) as如： I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal 。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“ the more the more ” 句型。如： The harder
32、 you work, the more progress you will make. 4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示 “ 最高程度 “ 的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, exc
33、ellent, extreme, perfect。五介词I.介词分类：1 简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词from among, from
34、behind, from under, till after, in between 5 分词转化成的介词 considering( 就而论 ), including 6 形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, opposite II. 常用介词区别：1 表示时间的in, on, at at 表示片刻的时间，in 表示一段的时间，on 总是与日子有关2 表示时间的since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3 表示时间的in, after in 指在一段时间之后，after 表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过
35、去时的一段时间中4 表示地理位置的in, on, to in 表示在某范围内，on 指与什么毗邻， to 指在某环境范围之外5 表示 “ 在上” 的 on, in on 只表示在某物的表面上，in 表示占去某物一部分6 表示 “ 穿过 ” 的through, across through表示从内部通过，与in 有关， across 表示在表面上通过，与 on 有关7 表示 “ 关于 ” 的 about, on about 指涉及到， on 指专门论述8 between与 among 的区别between 表示在两者之间，among 用于三者或三者以上的中间9 besides 与 except
36、的区别besides 指“ 除了 还有再加上 ” ，except 指“ 除了，减去什么” ，不放在句首名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - . 页脚10 表示 “ 用” 的 in, with with 表示具体的工具，in 表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11 as 与 like 的区别as 意为 “ 作为，以 地位或身份 ” ，like 为“ 象一样 ” ，指情形相似12 in 与 into 区别in
37、通常表示位置（静态） ，into 表示动向，不表示目的地或位置六动词I.动词的时态：1. 动词的时态一共有16 种，以 ask 为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 进行am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked
38、完 成 进行have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“ 已经” 等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容 ) 2)
39、 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“ 过” ，“ 了” 等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived inBeijingfor ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“ 从过去开始一直持续到现在” ，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时， 如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进
40、行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。4. 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1 will/shall+ 动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year. 2 be going to+ 动词原形含有 “ 打算，计划，即将” 做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It s going to clear up. We re going to have a party tonight. 3 be + doin
41、g 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south. Are they leaving forEurope? 4 be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 26 页
42、- - - - - - - - - . 页脚The meeting is about to close. 5 be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We re to meet at the school gate at noon. 6 一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five o clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. II. 动词的被动语态：常 用 被 动 语态构成常用被动语态构成1 一般现在时am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时w
43、as/were being asked 2 一般过去时was/were asked 7 现在完成时have/has been asked 3 一般将来时shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时had been asked 4 过去将来时should/would be asked 9 将来完成时will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked 注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not ，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be g
44、oing to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时， 只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that It is generally considered thatIt is said that It is
45、well known thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is supposed that It is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice. The door won t shut. / The play won t act.The clothes washes well. / The book sells wel
46、l. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等七情态动词I.情态动词基本用法：
47、情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can 能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not / cannot /can t do Cando? Yes,can. No,can t. could couldn t do 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 26 页 - - - - - - - - - . 页脚may 可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do Maydo ?
48、Yes, may. No,mustn t/can t. might might not do Might do? Yes, might No,might not. must 必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustn t do Must do? Yes,must. No,needn t/don t have to. have to 只好， 不得不 （客观的必须，有时态人称变化）don t have to do Dohave to do ? Yes,do.No,don t. ought to 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用 should ought not
49、to/oughtn t to do Ought to do ? Yes,ought. No, oughtn t. shall 将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shan t do Shalldo ? Yes,shall.No,shan t. should 应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldn t do Should do? will 意愿，决心请 求 ，建 议， 用在 问句中would 比较委婉will not/won t do Willdo? Yes,will.No,won t. would
50、 would not/wouldn t do dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/daren t do Daredo ? Yes,dare. No, daren t. need 需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/needn t do Need do? Yes,must. No, needn t. used to 过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usedn t/usen t to do didn t use to do Usedto do ? Yes,used.No,use(d)n t. Did use to do ? Yes,did.No,didn