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1、中学英语语法全程复习九、 动词的时态和语态动词时态（ tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同时间里所产生的动作或存在的状态。从种类上看英语有16 种时态， 而其中常用的有11种，表中斜体字表示的时态不常用。动词各时态名称如下：一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时过去一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时将来一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时过去将来一般过去将来时过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时各时态的英语表达结构（以 write 为例）：一般进行完成完成进行现在write, writes am/is/are writin
2、g have/has written have/has been writing 过去wrote was/were writing had written had been writing 将来shall/will write shall/will be writing shall/will have written shall/will have been writing 过去将来should/would write should/would be writing should/would have written should/would have been writing 各时态用法说明
3、一. 一般现在时一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数作主语时谓语动词后要加-s 或-es,另外，be和 have 有特殊的人称形式。如：1.一般动词：I know it. You know it. He/She knows it. We/You/They know it. 2.动词 be：以 am, is, are三种形式出现。I am a teacher. You are a student. He / She is a student. We/You/They are students. 3.动词 have：以 have, has形式出现。I have a car. You hav
4、e a car. He / She / has a car. It has a handle. Jack has a paper plane. We/You/They have a car. 4.在加词尾 -s 时要注意：1）一般情况加 -s, 如： reads, says. 2）以-ch,-sh, -s, -x, -o 结尾的词加 -es,如：teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes. 3)以辅音字母加“ y”结尾的词把“ y”改为“ i”后加 -es.如： try-tries ，carry-carries. 5.加 s后的读音：1）在P t k f 等清辅
5、音后读s, 如： helps, asks. 2） 在sz t d 等音后读iz, 如：faces, rises, wishes, watches.注意hate - hates词尾读音为ts。动词一般现在时的形式：动词 be除第一人称单数用am，第三人称单数用is外，其余一律用are. 动词 have 除第三人称单数用has外，其余全用 have。行为动词的一般现在时形式，除第三人称单数动词原形词尾加 s 或 es构成（其构成法和读音与名词复数同）外，其余一概用动词原形。助动词 do 和 does：单数第三人称中用does ，其余人称均用 do 构成一般现在时行为动词的否定和疑问。注意have作
6、行为动词表示 “ 有” 时，美式英语和英式英语有所不同，试比较。I havent any sisters.（英）I dont have any sisters. （美）-Have you any brothers? （英）-Yes, I have. / No, I havent. -Do you have any brothers? （美）-Yes, I do. / No, I dont. 另外，英国人口语常用have(has) got代替 have（has)，其否定式常以 havent got 代替 have not, 以 hasnt got 代替 has not. 一般现在时的基本用法：1
7、)表示经常或习惯性的动作、状态、性能。常用的时间状语有：every day, once a week, often, usually, always,seldom, sometimes等。如：She is an English teacher. We always care for each other. He gets up at six every day. Tom does homework every evening. 2）表示主语的特征、能力、性格、身份等。如：He works hard. Do you like sports? The boy draws well. 3）表示客观事
8、物或普遍真理。如：The sun rises in the east. The earth is round. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 9 页Two plus two is four. He is a doctor. 4）有时用来表一个按计划、规定、安排等要发生的情况（这时都有一个表示未来的时间状语）,但只限于少数动词：begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, depart, open, close等。I leave
9、 for Dalian next Sunday. The meeting begins in a minute. The next train leaves at 12:00. 5)一般现在时代替一般将来时。在由when, before, if, as soon as, unless, as long as等等引导的时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，（有时也用现在进行时代替一般将来时，显得更确定）。如：When he comes back, well go shopping together. I will go to play if it is fine this after
10、noon. When you are talking with him, dont mention it. 6)表示正在发生的动作。一般现在时， 用在由 here, there, in, out, down, up 等开头的倒装句中，一般式表示现在正在发生的动作。Here she comes. Here comes the bus. There goes the bell. 7)有些表示状态和感觉的动词，如be, love, like, hate, want, hope, need, prefer, wish, know, understand, remember, believe, reco
11、gnize, guess, suppose, mean, belong, think （认为），feel, find （觉得），envy, doubt, remain, consist, contain, seem, look, see, fit, suit, owe, hear, find, suggest, propose, allow, show（说明），prove, mind（在意） ，have（有） ，sound（听起来），taste （尝起来），matter, require, possess, desire等常用一般现在时而不用现在进行时。I feel a sudden pain
12、 in my head.我脑袋突然痛了。8)电影说明 /剧情介绍 /新闻标题 /小说章节题目 /动作解说，特别是电视说词/图片说明 /剧本动作说明 /戏剧性描绘（主要用于小说或报道文字中，由过去时突然转为现在时，使剧情显得历历在目）。9)在下列情况下即使主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词仍用原形。a.在一些虚拟语气的句子里，省略了should. I suggest that he take a book with him. b.有一些特定的表示惊讶或感叹的句子里。God save me.上帝救救我。Mr. Li cried out with great surprise, “What! My son
13、 come here! 李先生惊奇地喊道：“ 什么！我的儿子到这儿来了？！”(10)在口语中， 它间或可以表示一个已经发生的动作（这个动作发生的时间在说话人心目中处于很不重要的地位），能这样用的动作不多，如：say, tell, hear, read, forget, answer等：They say Jack is back. Is that true? I forget where he lives. Oh, you answer quite well. He tells me youre going abroad. (11)引用书面材料时， say, teach, stress等常用一般
14、现在时，如：Chairman Mao says: “Work is struggle. 二、一般过去时一般过去时表示过去的动作或存在的状态，这个动作可以是一次，也可能是经常性的。如：I went to town yesterday.（一次）。When I was young, I took cold bath regularly. （经常）一般过去时里，动词be 第一、三人称单数为was,其他人称为 were，动词 have 一律用 had。行为动词一律用过去式，没有人称和数的变化。用助动词did 构成行为动词的否定和疑问句。一般过去时的用法：1)过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。如：Who p
15、ointed out the mistake? 2)过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态。He will never be what he used to be.3)在口语 中 want, hope, wish, wonder, think 等动词的过去时表示现在的一种委婉的语气或一种试探性的态度。I wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes. I want/wanted to ask if I can/could borrow your bike. I hope/hoped you can/could give us some help.4）
16、在虚拟语气中常用一般过去时表示对现在或将来的假设，如：If I were you, I would help him. Its time you had lunch.5)情态动词的过去式如： could, would, should, might 可用于现在或将来表示一种委婉的语气。如：Could you lend me your book? Would you like a cup of tea? What should I do now? 6)表示过去经常发生的动作也可用used to 或 would 两者后接动词原形表示。但前者暗示“ 现在已不再 ”，可以接状态动词或动作动词；后者不暗示
17、现在的情况，只能接动作动词。如：He is no longer what he used to be. He used to walk after supper, didnt he? I would tell him some stories when I lived there. 7)一般过去时常用的状语有：yesterday, in 1990, two years ago, last week，for + 时间段等。如：He fell ill yesterday. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 9 页We had
18、a good time last Sunday. She got up early when she was young. He worked there for ten years. 有些情况，发生的具体时间不太清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应该用过去时: He was glad to see me. 三、一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一时间段内经常有的动作或状态。由“助动词shall（第一称）will（第二、三人称）+动词原形” 构成。 美国英语中不管什么人称均用will 。另外还有其他几种构成形式：be going to do be to do be (not)
19、about to do be doing 一般现在时一般将来时常用的状语有：tomorrow, next week, from now on, in a month, in the future 等。一般将来时的用法：1）shall / will + 动词原形 表示不含主观因素的单纯的时间上的将来， 特别是谈一连串的事情或在含有时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时。如：I will be fifteen years old next year. Next time Ill try to do better. Ill speak more English and do more readi
20、ng-aloud. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay home. When I see him, I ll tell him about it. 2）条件从句中只有两种情况可用一般将来时：a.表意愿：If they wont co-operate, our plan will fall flat. If you will wait for me, I shall go with you. b.主句的谓语表现在情况：If he wont arrive this morning, why should we wait here? 3)用 will 表示一种倾向、习
21、惯动作或必然趋势。A drowning man will catch a straw. Crops will die without water. Accidents will happen. 意外事故是不可避免的。Children will be children. 孩子毕竟是孩子。其否定式可表 “ 不能/没法” 。This machine wont work. This plan wont act. 4） “be going to+动词原形”：在表示打算或准备做某事时，如不提时间 /条件等时，多用此结构。自然现象也用该结构。如：What are you going to do this e
22、vening? Im going to finish the work this week. I am going to call on an old friend of mine. Its going to rain. 5 ) be doing 限于某些非延续性动词（如 go, come, stay, move, leave, start, finish 等）的进行时表示将来，表示按计划安排要发生的事。（此用法具口语性、近期性、动词局限性）。 （参见“现在进行时” ）I am finishing my work. He is coming. They are leaving for Tibe
23、t. 6)“be to + 动词原形”表示吩咐、命令、约定、计划中的或按职业义务、要求即将发生的动作。还可表示“注定会”。如：He is to give us a talk. (=He is going to give us a talk.) The medicine is to be taken three times a day. Where am I to put these books? You are to clean the room. He would not listen to me, so he is to fail.7）“be about to + 动词原形 ” 表示“ 就
24、要 ，正要 ”。在这种情况下不可与表将来时间状语连用。如：We are about to leave, so there is no time to visit him now. The meeting is about to begin. 8)该时态有时用来表示揣测：That man in the middle will be the visiting minister.或容量：The hall will seat 500 people.9)shall, will 还有情态动词用法（参见“情态动词”部分）。四、现在进行时表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，或现阶段内在进行的动作， 汉语常用 “正
25、在” 表示。 由“助动词 am /is / are + 现在分词词”构成。如：Is it raining? I am doing my homework. The students are cleaning the classroom. - What are you doing now? - Im doing some washing. 现在进行时的用法：1)说话时正在进行的动作。Is it snowing now? 2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，虽然此时此刻这一动作不一定在进行。How are you getting on with your work these days? 3)在时间、条
26、件状语从句中，有时可以用现在进行时表将来，语气比用一般现在时显得更确定。Dont mention this when you are talking with him. 你和他谈话时不要提这件事。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 9 页4）现在进行时有时可用来表示在最近按安排或计划要进行的动作（多有表未来的时间状语），但仅限于少量动词：go,stay, come, leave, start, arrive, lunch, return, dine, work, sleep, stay, play, do, have, we
27、ar, take off 等。（参见“一般将来时”）。如：We are going there tomorrow. Im staying there for two weeks. 5)现在进行时与 always, all the time, forever, constantly 等词连用，表示有感叹，惊讶，称赞或厌恶等情绪。He is always thinking of his study. （他总是想着他的学习。 ） （称赞）He is always making the same mistakes.（批评）6)系动词look, feel，smell, taste 等动词以及表示心理的w
28、ant, like, prefer, have 等动词一般不用进行时态，也无被动语态。She feels worse today. 她今天感觉更不好受。The dish smells good.这盘菜闻起来很香。注意系动词 turn , get, become, grow, go 用进行时表示由一种状态转人另一种状态。如：The rich man is becoming poorer and poorer. 系动词 feel, look 一般不用进行时， 但它们的表语若是表示主语的情绪、身体或精神状态的形容词时，既可用一般时，也可用进行时：Hes feeling very bad. 连系动词
29、be的一般时即有进行时的含义,所以 be一般不用进行时，但若表示“一时的表现”或“故意如此”也可以用进行时。You are stupid.你很糊涂。You are being stupid.你在装糊涂。The boy is being nice now.那男孩此刻真乖。短暂动词除用进行式表反复的动作或表将来外，不用进行时。be + 某些介词短语，也可表达进行含义，如：be under repair/under ones leadership/under discussion/in use/on ones way等等。Here/There 引起的句中常以一般现在时代替现在进行时。Here com
30、es the bus. =The bus is coming. /There goes the bell. =The bell is ringing. 有 时 两 种 时 态 都 可 用 ， 无 多 大 差 别 ：I wonder(am wondering)how I should answer them./Does your leg hurt (Is your leg hurting)? / It itches (is itching) terribly. / My back aches (is aching). 五、过去进行时过去进行时由 “助动词was （第一、 三人称） 单数 /wer
31、e（其他人称） +现在分词” 构成。 主要表示过去某时刻(侯)正在进行的动作。过去进行时与一般过去时的区别是：前者表示正在进行的动作,后者表示一个完成的动作。如果用一般过去时 ,就会给人印象： 你已经做完这个动作。但少数动词 (如:rain, snow,cough,wear, feel, work.), 用一般过去时并不表示动作的完成,这时两种时态在意义上差别不大: It rained/was raining all day yesterday. He coughed/was coughing the whole night. 在强调动作延续较长时间时,用过去进行时稍好一点。 此外,和现在进行
32、时一样,过去进行时可以用来代替一般过去时,表示赞美 /厌恶等情绪而带有感情色彩。常用状语有at that time, at this time yesterday 等。如：I was reading a novel when he came in. What were you doing at eight yesterday? I was watching TV all evening. We were cleaning the classroom from 8 to 9. (1)叙述故事时,常用过去进行时来描写故事发生的背景。故事中间也会用它来描绘景象。一般地 ,把故事往下叙述时多用一般过去
33、时,而停下来描绘背景或某个景象时,常用过去进行时。(2)正象现在进行时可以表未来动作,过去进行时也可以表从过去某时看来要发生的事。六、将来进行时由“助动词 shall（第一人称）/will（第二、三人称）+ be +现在分词”构成， （美国英语一律用will ） 。主要表示将来某时刻或某一段时间将正在进行的动作。口语中它常用来表示预计即将或势必要发生的动作。它和一般将来时有时只有细微差别（ Ill see/be seeing him about it tomorrow.)在有些情况下和一般将来时可换用，但它显得更委婉 （When will you come/be coming?) 。如：Thi
34、s time tomorrow, I shall be flying to Shanghai. - What will you be doing at eight tomorrow morning? - Ill be working in the fields. I shall be waiting for you in my room after supper. Dont come at 7 oclock tomorrow. He will be working then. 七、现在完成时现在完成时的动作发生在过去，但与现在情况有关，即用一个发生在过去的动作来说明现在的情况。现在完成时由“助
35、动词 have / has过去分词” 构成， 现在完成时常用的状语有just, already, ever, never, before, yet, not yet, 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 9 页up to now, today, this month, lately, recently, so far, ever since, in the last / past few years 等。如：-Where have you been? -I have been to the street. Have you
36、ever been to Shanghai? He has gone to the library. I have lost my book. Who has opened the door? Have you had your supper? I have never seen such a big apple. He has remembered 500 words this month. Great changes have taken place in the last ten years. 注意现在完成时强调对现在的影响，是现在时态，因此不能和表示具体的过去时间连用，如： yeste
37、rday, last month, three days ago, in 1960 等。但可以和表示模糊的过去时间的 before 连用。现在完成时的用法：过去开始的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在: I have lived here for 20 years.（动作持续）He has been here for two hours. （状态持续）有少量动词 （work,study,teach,live,)可表一直延续到现在的一个动作，但大多数动词不可这样，而应该用现在完成进行时。（注意： have been to 表示“曾经去过某地，现已回来”；have gone to 表示“已经去某地，现
38、在还没回来”）由于 arrive,come,become,join 和 get up 等动词表短暂动作不可延续，需要借助含be 的结构来表示延续的状态。表某动作曾经发生过，对现在来讲已成为既往的经历：I have met him .我见过他 /我已见了他。He has tasted it. 他尝过 /他已经尝了。表示一个断断续续的动作对现在产生的量结果：I have picked five baskets of apples. We have learnt ten English songs.表示到目前为止多少次或第几次干某事。He has been to Beijing several ti
39、mes. It s the third time that I have seen the film. 说明现在完成时常与lately, recently, so far, already, these days, ever,just,up to now等表时间的副词或时间短语连用。I have finished reading five books so far. 常与 for 构成的表时间段的状语连用（有时 for 省略），如：He has lived here for five years. He has been in the army for three years. 现在完成时可与
40、since 连用 , since 后加时间点词语或含一般过去时的从句。 也可单独在句尾使用since（自那以后）, 此时 since 为副词。I have lived here since five years ago. I havent seen him since 1987. I havent seen him since he left here. He moved here in 1980, and has lived here since. 注意1)since 后用的动词不同，动作的起算时间不同：since终止性动词的过去式，从该动作发生时算起。since延续性动词的过去式，从该动作
41、结束时算起。Mr. Li has been here since he came back. 自从李先生回来以后，他一直在这儿。I havent heard from him since he lived here. 自从他不住在这儿以来，我就没有收到过他的来信。但也有例外，如：Ive known Mr. Smith since I was a boy. 我小的时候就认识史密斯先生了。2)在“It is +段时间+ since 句型” 中，时间一律以since从句的动作完成时算起，如：Its two years since we arrived here. 我们到这儿两年了。It was ye
42、ars since I had seen her. 我认识她好几年了。在时间和条件状语从句中，可用现在完成时代替将来完成时，表示将来某时业已完成的动作：Ill go and see the exhibition as soon as I have got the recorder fixed. 这里用现在完成时是表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成，如果两个动作同时发生，或几乎同时发生，一般就不用这个时态。在这样的情况下（特别是当我们用get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return等代表瞬间完成的动作时），多用一般现在时。有时两种时态都可用：I wont believe
43、you until Ive seen it with my own eyes. 我要亲眼看到它，我才会相信你。Well leave as soon as it stops/has stopped raining. Ill tell him after you leave/have left. “ It（This）is the first（second）time that.”句型的从句中用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have seen so much money. 这是我头一次看到这么多的钱。“ That（This, It) is + 最高级修饰先行词+
44、that 从句”句型中，从句用现在完成时。It is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好电影。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 9 页在 must ( may, should 等情态动词） + have +动词过去分词，表示推测和假设意义的句子里，可以与表示过去的时间状语连用（详见情态动词）。It must have rained last night. 现在完成时与延续性动词和非延续性动词。a.延续性动词可用现在完成时，可接表时间段的状语。I have worked
45、 here for ten years. b.非延续性动词也可用现在完成时，但肯定句中不接表示时间段的状语（否定句中有时可以）。常用的瞬间动词有go, come, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, die, fall, finish, stop, start, lose, sell, kill, close, graduate, join 等。如：He has died.（）He has died for ten years.（）He died ten years ago.（）I havent received his letter for a long time.
46、（）八、过去完成时主要表示过去某时或某事前已经发生的动作或情况(也可以说是“过去的过去” ）。由“ had过去分词”构成。常用的状语有 by 1966, by the time., by the end of., two years before, before,等。如：By the end of 1960, we had built 100 schools. I had learned some English words before I went to school. He said he had known it. When I had finished my work, I took
47、 a rest. I had gone out by the time he came here. He told me that he had suffered a great deal before. 过去完成时的用法：It /That was the first/second time + that 从句That/It/This was+ 最高级修饰的先行词+that 从句以上两句型中，从句用过去完成时。It was the second time that I had been hurt by his words. 这是我第二次被他的话所伤。It was the most intere
48、sting book that I had ever read. 它是我曾经读过的最有趣的书。It was + 时间段 + since 从句。从句中常用过去完成时。It was five years since the building had been painted. 这楼有五年没刷了。hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose, want, think 等动词，用法较为特别,以 hope 为例：.(had) hoped等 + to do/to have done 表示一个没实现的打算、设想等。I had hoped to have become a
49、 doctor, but I didnt. I had hoped to become a doctor, but I didnt. I hoped to have become a doctor, but I didnt. 我原打算成为一名医生，但未能够。I meant to phone you, but I forgot.（尤美）我本想打电话给你，可是我忘了。I meant to call on you. But I was too busy.（尤美）我本来想拜访你。但是我太忙了。I intended to catch the early train, but I got up late.
50、（尤美）我本打算赶上早班火车，但我起床晚了。 .hoped to do ：还可 表示不定式动作或状态发生或存在于谓语动作或状态之后，并有可能实现。Jennie hoped to give her a good education. 珍妮希望给她良好教育。 .hope/hopes to have done：表示动作的完成， 不表没有实现的行为。He expects to have written it tomorrow evening. 他估计明天可以写好。I hope to have finished by now.我希望现在干完。在含 when, as soon as, before, af