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1、.-首字母专题解析一、首字母填空题考查什么二、解题技巧首字母填空之通关秘籍第一招：判断词性第一招：判断词性通过句法分析弄清楚要填的词是在句中充当主语、谓语还是宾语等。如果是主语或宾语，要填的应当是名词或代词；如果是谓语，要填的就应是动词；如果是在名词前作定语或者在系动词后作表语，要填的应当是形容词；如像We _busy. He _fine.之类的句子，busy， fine都是形容词，也就是说句中还无动词，这一定是填系动词be， look等。第二招：语言逻辑就是利用上下文的意思与结构来填空，这个上下文可能是空格所处的那句本身的前部分和后部分，也可能是空格前后的那个或那几句子，还有可能前后段落或对
2、整篇文章的理解。有时甚至还要结合常识进行简单的逻辑推理才能准确判断出该填哪个词。中考英语段落还是比较简单的，所以出现的语言逻辑情况不多，纵观这几年的真题，基本上用好以下两个兵器就能解决了。兵器1、前后解释呼应Remember that dogs need e . You should take it for a walk every day. Dont keep your dog inside all day.【讲解】此空后面句子其实是对前面句子的进一步解释，尤其是划横线部分就相当于是对空格部分单词的对应解释，所以联想到e开头的动词，应该就是exercise。When you buy a do
3、g, an important thing to think about is its s buy a small dog if your home is small and a bigger one if your home is larger。【讲解】buy这一句是不是就是对前面那一空的解释？大房子就买大狗，小房子买小狗，那不就是说要注意狗狗的大小吗。A long time, said the doctor. Maybe for the r 5 of your life. 【2011年上海中考真题】【讲解】一个人要表达一个意思往往不止说一句话，一般说完后，会再补充几句以更加说明自己的观点和
4、意思。此举就是对前面“a long time”的补充说明。 想到The rest of.句型了吧？ 兵器2、连词提示（转折、递进、因果等）Mum used to d 97 us to school, but now my sister and I have started riding our bikes to school. 【2009上海中考真题】【讲解】but是一个标志性词，标志着前后句意思是转折对比关系。现在是骑车到学校，那和这个相对比，之前的是什么呢？肯丢只有drive了We stopped taking long baths and had short showers i 95 .
5、 【2009上海中考】【讲解】文章就是讲节约能源的方法的，所以这句and前后其实内容是对比关系，instead都是至于句尾的，表达转折关系的词。Most sunshine recorders o 102 record direct (直接的) sunshine. Neils is more accurate and this is very important for research into ways of using solar power. Neil plans to keep inventing.【2008年上海中考】【讲解】一看到more，就意味着什么？对，比较！那就是比较这两句，
6、more所在这句意思是递进的，更“精确“，前面的肯定就是不够精确了，为什么不够精确呢？看到direct 马上会想到indirect。所以联想，会不会是，大多数记录者only记录了direct sunshine，而没有记录indirect sunshine。引导学生，看到more，but这种标志性连词，要高度兴奋。第三招：常识常理Alana was on a diet, but she didnt like it at all. She was not a 2 to eat her favourite food by the doctor.【2011上海中考真题】【讲解】减肥期间，医生肯定是不让
7、你随便吃东西的。这是常识常理。女生会更有感触。When people study the weather, its important to be able to record the sunshine accurately. We need to know how many h 101 of sunshine we have and how strong it is.【2008上海中考】【讲解】看到how many，应该判断这个空应该是个可数名词，还像是一个量词，因为后面有 of sunshine，再根据常识，记录阳光精确，是要记录我们感受阳光的时间阳光本身的强度。注意：1、考虑词形变化是名
8、词或代词要考虑是该用单数还是用复数；是人称代词是用主格还是宾格；如果是动词就要考虑是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；是谓语动词是主动语态还是被动语态，还要考虑该用哪一种时态；是非谓语动词是用-ing形式，不定式还是用过去分词。等等。切不可一确定是填哪个单词后，就在不作任何考虑的情况下填上去，犯了不该犯的错。2、注意固定搭配根据空格前后之间的固定搭配关系来分析。如be good at， be interested in， make progress， at least， at most， at last， in this way， pay a visit to， take care of， a lot
9、of， have a population of， get on well with， have a party， give sb. sth. ， ask sb. to do sth. ， be / get used to， spenddoing， sothat等等。三、“台阶式”教学法“台阶式”教学法也许是在较短时间里提高缺词填空能力的途径之一。台阶一：掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习，掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。(1) 对主语的判断1. _ are helpful to students. ( teach )2. _ is m
10、ore important to me than money. ( healthy )3. Some famous _ are going to give lectures in our university in August. ( science)4. _ is my favourite sport. ( fish )5. _ stamps is my hobby. ( collect )Key: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scientists 4. Fishing 5. Collecting分析：以上练习中，填入词均为句子的主语。主语是动作的发出者，词性主要为名词
11、与代词（1-题）；动词不能直接用作主语，必须转化成其对应的名词或doing（、）。此外，形容词前加the，带连词的句子也可作主语。(2) 对谓语的判断John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c_ over to him. “My boy,” she a_, “Is your father at home?” “Yes,” a_ John. The woman began r_ the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_ back t
12、o John and s_ angrily, “Didnt you s_ that your father was at home?” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_ my house.”Key: came asked answered ringing turned said say isnt分析：语篇中所缺字除ringing以外均为谓语动词。谓语是句子所表示的动作，词性只能是动词，在句子中不能缺。当一个主谓结构中同时出现两个或以上动词时，还要判断他们之间的相互关系，对谓语动词或非谓语动词的判断只有在熟练掌握相关知识的基础上，才能作出正确的判断。多做用
13、动词的适当形式填空有助于对动词形式的判断。(3) 对宾语的判断1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast _ in Shanghai after his long absence from the city. ( develop )2. The front is in great need of medical _ .( work )3. Thank you for your _. ( kind )4. At last he sold his _. ( invent ) Key: 1. development 2. workers 3. kindness
14、 4. invention分析：宾语是动作的承受者，分动词宾语与介词宾语两种。宾语的词性同主语的词性一样，代词作宾语时必须用其宾格。(4) 对表语的判断1. It is _ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. ( possible)2. The sick man is getting _. ( ill )3. Patrick is going to be a(n) _ when he grows up.(engine)4. Such cold weather is quite _ in June and people have to wear w
15、arm clothes again. （ usually ）5. Its a _ to have a picnic with all the members. （please ）Key: 1. impossible 2. worse 3. engineer 4. unusual 5. pleasure 分析：表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词，名词, 介词短语。动词必须改成 to do ,doing 或 done 的形式。(5) 对定语的判断1. The _ exams usually take place at the end of June. ( finally)2. On a _
16、 night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. ( clearly)3. In _ weather, the old had better stay at home. (freeze )4. The French artist said, “ it is my _ time to visit Shanghai. I love this city so much. ( one )5. Most people dont like _ food. ( freeze )6. Who is your _ teacher? ( chemical )Ke
17、y: (1) final (2) clear (3) freezing (4) first (5) frozen (6) chemistry分析:：定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词，序数词，介词短语为主。名词修饰名词说明后面名称的性能或用途。如：stamp show / physics teacher。 动词必须变形为：to do, doing 或done 的形式。(6) 对状语的判断1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kong so _ (easy)2. Watch
18、 _ , and you will find the difference between the two pictures. ( care )3. After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed _ at last. ( safe )Key : (1) easily (2) carefully (3) safely 状语：说明动作发生的时间，地点，原因，方式，目的，结果，条件，伴随情况的成分。词性以副词为主，也可以是介词短语，动词必须变形为to do, doing 或done 。(7) 对连词的判断在英
19、语中, 并列连词and, but, or, so , not onlybut also, either or, neithernor, as well as, both and 连接并列的词, 词组和句子; 从属连词连接主句与从句。台阶二：在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后，多做做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”，提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母完形的第二步。台阶三：锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力，或称为“猜谜”的能力。Exercise : Guess the missing word.1. _ are helpful to students.2. _
20、are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.3. _ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents.4. _ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.分析：按顺序做你会不假思索地得出答案，1-4均为Teachers，全部解完后再思考，似乎第一题答案不仅仅只有Teachers。按判断主语的结论，凡名词，只要合乎逻辑，都
21、可作为第一题的答案，你会发现Books也可，继而得出结论：“一切有益于学生的复数名词均为正确答案，Exercises、Doctors、Police、Parents”。第二题受后一句knowledge的限制，答案要少一些：Teachers、Books，第三题限制更多，从“care for”判断主语只能是人，Teachers。第四题受healthy的限制，最好填Doctors / Nurses。以上练习说明解完形填空需要如下技能：1. 对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断，然后填入正确的词性，即必须熟练掌握句子成分与词性的对应关系。2. 必须训练自己扩散性思维能力，如同猜谜，因为词义的确定依靠着对句
22、中限制性信息的判断得出。3. 良好的语法基本功。在确定完词性与词义后，单复数、时态的确定建立在良好的语法基本功之上。台阶四：对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段，即综合运用阶段。Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_ the school soon. The s_ in his class have given h_ a lot of p_. Among t_ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m_ by the students themselves.Photos will h_
23、Mr. Wu remember the happy t_ when he was with his students. Next week, t_ will have a p_ to s _ goodbye to him.分析：通读短文以后发现Mr. Wu 是一位老师.。从old 可推断他不久要退休了,所以 “ l_” 应为谓语动词 leaving ;“s_” 是第三句的主语, 结合 have 判断为 students; “ h_ 是give 的宾语, 判断为him;“ p_” 的内容是 cards, note-books , 所以判断为名词presents; “ t_” 是介词among 的
24、宾语, 应为them;“ m_” 处于be done by 的结构中, 应为过去分词made;“h_” 位于情态动词will 之后, 应为动词原形help;“t_” 是remember 的宾语, 并且受到happy 的修饰应为 time;“t_” 是主语, 名词或代词 teachers / they;“p_” 是have的宾语, 前面有冠词, 所以是名词party;“s_” 前有 to, 分析成分为目的状语 to do 即 to say.台阶五：熟能生巧阶段。 要做到举重若轻，必须在前四步的基础上作长期系统的训练，把上述知识演化为解题技能。The universe is everything
25、out in space. (1 ) knows how big the universe is.When we talk (2 ) the universe, we mean the earth, the sun, the moon and the stars. Now let me tell you something about our earth. The earth is a huge ball. It turns round and round in space. (3 ) surface is covered by water and land. If you are in a
26、space plane and look ( 4 ) at the earth from up in space, you will see lots of clouds over the surface of the earth. Through the clouds you will see the blue color of the oceans and seas. Almost two-thirds of the earth is covered with water.We live on the outside (5) of the earth. Around and above u
27、s is the air. The earth takes twenty-four hours to turn all the way round- that is one day and one night. When your country is facing the sun, it is daytime for you. But as the earth turns you away from the sun, everything around you grows ( 6 ) .Key: (1) Nobody (2) about (3) Its (4) down (5) part (
28、6) dark 四、中考考纲词汇按词性整理说明：常考的用正常字体标出，比较难想到的用红色加粗标出。名词：A字母开头的：ability accident activity actor actress addition addressadvantage advertisement aim(目的) all(全部，全体人员) ambition amount answer(回答，答复，答案) area attention B字母开头的：balance base beginning being best(最好的人或物) bit block book bottom break(休息)breath broad
29、cast business businessman C字母开头的：call cancel capital case cause century chance charity chemical chemistry choice cigarette circle citizen class collection college colour company competition concert conclusion control cross culture custom customerD字母开头的：daily dark detail diet difference difficulty di
30、saster distance dreamE字母开头的：earth earthquake education effect end energy entrance environment example excuse exercise experience experiment F字母开头的：fable fact favour female figure finger fisherrman forecast foreigner form France freedom French friend friendship fuel fun furniture futureG字母开头的：game ga
31、s geography goal grade graduate greenhouse guest H字母开头的：habit health heart heat height history hobby holiday hope housework humour I字母开头的：idea income industry information invention inventor invitation island J字母开头的：jam journalist journey joy judge K字母开头的：kind kindergarten knowledgeL字母开头的：language la
32、w lawyer length lie link list location lock luck M字母开头的：machine magazine mail manner market match matter meal memory menu message method mind minute mistake moment most much N字母开头的：neighbour network number O字母开头的：offer opinion order organization ownerP字母开头的： pain paint(涂料，颜料) painting part partner p
33、assenger performance place planet pollution practice president problem process Q字母开头的：question R字母开头的：reason record relative resource responsibility rest restaurant result robbery rule runS字母开头的: safe safety sauce saying secret secretary section sense service sex shame shape sightseeing situation si
34、ze skill square story success support surface surprise survey systemT字母开头的： task temperature thought ticket traffic trouble try typeU字母开头的： useV字母开头的：variaty W字母开头的：way wisdom wish wonder worry writer 代词：A字母开头的：all another any anybody anythingB字母开头的：bothE字母开头的：each either everybody/everyone everythi
35、ngM字母开头的：many N字母开头的：neither nobody none nothingO字母开头的：one other S字母开头的：same some somebody/someone somethingT字母开头的：that these this thoseW字母开头的：what who 形容词：A字母开头的：able accurate active all ancient angry another any attractive automatic available awfulB字母开头的：bad beautiful best better boring both brave
36、 C字母开头的： careful certain changeable cheap chemical close(近的) cold common complete confident convenient correct crazy crowded D字母开头的：dangerous different difficult dullE字母开头的：each easy educational either else enjoyable enough every everyday excited exciting F字母开头的：fair favourite first fit following fo
37、reign forgetful freezing fresh G字母开头的：general glad good great H字母开头的： hardworking healthy helpful Historical horrible hungryI字母开头的： important impossible independent interested interesting L字母开头的： last late likely limited local low lucky M字母开头的： modern more most muchN字母开头的： nearby necessary neither n
38、ervous next O字母开头的： only open opposite ordinary other outdoor ownP字母开头的：pale perfect personal physical precious pretty private publicR字母开头的：real regular responsible retired S字母开头的：safe same serious several simple some spare special square straight strange strong successful such sure T字母开头的：teenage t
39、errible thankful that these thin thirsty this those top traditional trueU字母开头的：unhealthy unusual useful usual upsetV字母开头的：variousW字母开头的：weak well which wooden wounded wrongY字母开头的： young副词：A字母开头的：abroad actually after again ago ahead all almost along already also always angrily anywhere as B字母开头的：bac
40、k before behind best bothC字母开头的：carefully certainly clearly closeE字母开头的：easily either enough especially even ever everywhere exactlyF字母开头的：far finally first forever G字母开头的：gentlyH字母开头的：happily hard hardly heavily here home how howeverI字母开头的：immediately in inside insteadJ字母开头的：just L字母开头的：last late l
41、ater luckilyM字母开头的：mainly maybe more most muchN字母开头的：nearly neither never next no not nowhereO字母开头的：often once only overP字母开头的：perhaps politely possibly probably properlyQ字母开头的：quickly quiteR字母开头的：rather really recently right S字母开头的：safely second seldom seriously slowly so softly sometimes soon still suddenlyT字母开头的：then today together tomorrow too U字母开头的：under up usuallyW字母开头的：what when where why Y字母开头的： yet动词：A字母开头的：accept achieve add afford allow