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1、酒店管理手册附录BLife Cycle Analysis (LCCA) 主要国际基准文件The purpose of an LCCA is to compare the overall costs of project alternatives and to select the design that ensures the facility will provide the lowest overall cost of ownership. The LCCA should be performed early in the design process while there is sti
2、ll a chance to refine the design to ensure a reduction in life-cycle costs (LCC).生命周期分析的目的是对各种项目方案的总体成本进行比较，并选择相应的设计来确保相应设施能够提供较低的总体拥有成本。生命周期分析应在设计过程的早期阶段进行，从而有机会提炼设计以便降低生命周期成本（LCC）。The first and most challenging task of an LCCA, or any economic evaluation method, is to determine the economic effect
3、s of alternative designs of buildings and building systems and to quantify these effects and express them in monetary amounts.生命周期分析的目的是对各种项目方案的总体成本进行比较，并选择相应的设计来确保相应设施能够提供较低的总体拥有成本。Costs成本There are numerous costs associated with acquiring, operating, maintaining, and disposing of a building or buil
4、ding system. Building-related costs usually fall into the following categories:与建筑物或建筑系统的取得、经营、维护和处置有关的成本项目非常多。与建筑物有关的成本通常分为以下类别： Initial CostsPurchase, Acquisition, Construction Costs有众多成本项目与建筑物或建筑系统的取得、经营、维护和处置有关。 Energy Costs能源成本 Water costs水成本 Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs操作、维护和维修成本 R
5、eplacement Costs更换成本 Residual Values i.e. Resale or Salvage Values or Disposal Costs残余价值，例如转售或残料价值或处置成本Only those costs within each category that are relevant to the decision and significant in amount are needed to make a valid investment decision. Costs are relevant when they are different for one
6、alternative compared with another; costs are significant when they are large enough to make a credible difference in the LCC of a project alternative. All costs are entered as base-year amounts in todays currency value.各类别中的成本必须与决策相关并且金额可观，否则无需为此做出有效的投资决策。成本的相关性是指两种方案之间存在成本差异；而成本的可观性则是指该成本足以在某种项目方案的
7、生命周期成本中切实产生差异。所有成本均采用当前货币价值，以基础年金额的形式输入。Energy and Water Costs能源和水成本Operational expenses for energy, water, and other utilities are based on consumption, current rates, and price projections.能源、用水和其他公用设施的运行费用均以用量、现价以及价格预期为基础。Energy usage: Energy costs are often difficult to predict accurately in the
8、 design phase of a project. Assumptions must be made about use profiles, occupancy rates, and schedules, all of which impact energy consumption. (Software packages, such as the proprietary programs TRACE (Trane), ESPRE (EPRI), and HAP (Carrier) have been developed to assist in mechanical equipment s
9、election and sizing).能源用量：在项目的设计阶段一般都难于准确预测出能源成本。此时必须估计出使用方式、容积率以及时间表，所有这些因素都会影响到能耗。（目前已经开发出了TRACE（Trane）、ESPRE（EPRI）以及HAP（Carrier）等软件包来协助进行机械设备选型并确定其容量）。Energy prices: Quotes of current energy prices from local suppliers should take into account the rate type, the rate structure, summer and winter
10、differentials, block rates, and demand charges to obtain an estimate as close as possible to the actual energy cost.能源价格：当地供应商针对现行能源价格给出的报价，应考虑到费率类型、费率结构、冬夏季节差异、分段价格以及即时供应附加费等，以便得出尽可能接近实际能源成本的估计值。Energy price inflation: Energy prices are assumed to increase or decrease at a rate different from gener
11、al price inflation. This differential energy price escalation needs to be taken into account when estimating future energy costs. Provide the basis of the energy escalation as part of the documentation.能源价格上涨：我们认为能源价格的涨跌幅度不同于一般的物价上涨。在估计将来的能源成本时需要考虑到这一能源价格上涨的差异。在文件中应提供能源价格上涨的基础。Water Costs: Water cos
12、ts should be included similar to energy costs. There are usually two types of water costs: water usage costs and water disposal costs.水成本：应以类似的方式来考虑水成本。水成本通常分为两类：用水成本和污水处理成本。Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs操作、维护和维修成本Non-fuel operating costs, maintenance and repair (OM&R) costs are often more
13、 difficult to estimate than other building expenditures. Operating schedules and standards of maintenance vary from hotel to hotel; there is great variation in these costs even for hotels of the same type and age. It is therefore especially important to use engineering judgment when estimating these
14、 costs.与建筑物其他开支相比，非燃料运行、维护及维修（OM&R）成本一般更难于估计。运行时间表和维护标准因酒店而异；即使是同类、同年的酒店，这些成本之间也存在较大差异。因此在估计此类成本时，特别重要的就是应从工程的角度做出判断。Supplier quotes and published estimating guides sometimes provide information on maintenance and repair costs. Very often the life cycle costs of an HVAC system over a 30 year period
15、could be split into 50% energy cost, 4.7% maintenance cost, 2.3% replacement cost, 43% initial investment cost. These values are of course only for indicative purposes as systems may vary.供应商提供的报价以及公开出版的估价指南有时会提供一些维护和维修成本方面的信息。对于超过30 年的暖通空调系统，其生命周期成本往往可以分为50%的能源成本、4.7%的维护成本、2.3%的更换成本以及43%的内部投资成本。当然，
16、由于系统各异，这些数值仅供参考。Replacement Costs更换成本The number and timing of capital replacements of building systems depend on the estimated life of the system and the length of the study period. Use the same sources that provide cost estimates for initial investments to obtain estimates of replacement costs and
17、expected useful lives. A good starting point for estimating future replacement costs is to use their cost as of the base date. The LCCA method will escalate base-year amounts to their future time of occurrence.建筑系统的资本重置数量及时间取决于系统的估计寿命以及研究期的长短。在对更换成本及预期的可用寿命进行估计时，应采用与估计初始投资成本时相同的资源。在估计未来的更换成本时，较好的出发点
18、就是采用其截至基础日期的成本。生命周期分析方法将把基础年份金额扩大到其今后的发生时间。Parameters for Present-Value Analysis现值分析的参数Discount Rate: In order to be able to add and compare cash flows that are incurred at different times during the life cycle of a project, they have to be made time-equivalent. To make cash flows time-equivalent, t
19、he LCC method converts them to present values (PV) by discounting them to a common point in time, usually the base date. The discount rate used in the calculation shall be agreed with Hilton Hotels.贴现率：为了能够添加并比较项目生命周期内不同时间发生的现金流，必须令其具备时间等同性。为此生命周期分析成本方法将把这些现金流贴现到一个公共的时间点（通常都是基础日期），从而将其转换成现值（PV）。计算过程
20、中使用的贴现率应与希尔顿酒店达成一致。Cost Periods(s)成本计算期（一到多个）Length of study period: The study period begins with the base date, the date to which all cash flows are discounted. The study period has to be the same for all alternatives considered. It is recommended that a 20 year study period be used for comparison.
21、研究期的长度：研究期开始于基础日期，也就是所有现金流的贴现日期。所考虑的全部方案均应采取相同的研究期。在比较时建议采用的研究期为20 年。Service period: The service period begins when a system is taken into service. This is the period over which operational costs and benefits are evaluated. It is recommended that a 20 year service period be used for comparison purpo
22、ses.服务期：服务期开始于系统投运时间，该期间就是对运行成本和效益进行评估的期间。在比较时建议采用的服务期为20 年。Treatment of Inflation: The rate of general inflation is not being considered in this case.通货膨胀的处理：本案不考虑一般通货膨胀率。Life-Cycle Cost Calculation生命周期成本计算After identifying all costs by year and amount and discounting them to present value, they ar
23、e added to arrive at total life-cycle costs for each alternative. The table below is a worksheet that can be used to arrive at the overall Life Cycle Cost, based on the following formulae:在按年份和金额明确了所有成本并将其贴现为现值后即可汇总得出各方案的生命周期总成本。下面的工作表可用于计算生命周期总体成本，其中依据的公式如下：PVEC = AE x (1 + ei) n-1OC = AW + AM + O&
24、R + ELDPVOC = OC x (1 + i) n-1PVAC = PVEC + PVOCLife Cycle Cost Worksheet生命周期成本工作表Discount rate (i)贴现率（i）Energy inflation rate (ei)能源通货膨胀率(ei)年（n）Year (n)年度能源成本（AE）Annual Energy Costs (AE)Annual Water Costs (AW)年度水成本（AW）Annual Maintenance Costs (AM)年度维护成本（AM）Major Overhaul or Replacement Costs (O&R)
25、大修或更换成本（O&R）End of life Disposal Costs (ELD)寿命终止处置成本（ELD）Other Costs Total (OC)其他成本总额（OC）Present Value Energy Cash Flow Total (PVEC)现值能源现金流总和（PVEC）resent Value Other Costs Cash FlowTotal (PVOC)现值其他成本现金流总和（PVOC）Present Value Total Annual Costs(PVAC)现值年度总成本（PVAC）Sum of PVAC for each year of operation (a)各经营年度PVAC 总和（a）Sum of initial costs (b)初始成本总和（b）Life Cycle Cost (a + b)生命周期成本（a + b）酒店管理之家