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1、*-词类英语名称作用例词名词Noun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称party政党 China中国代词Pronoun (pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词等He他 that那数词Numeral (num.)表示数量或顺序one一 first第一形容词Adjective(adj.)用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特性、性质safe安全的 great伟大的副词Adverb (adv.)用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作或形状的特性hard艰苦地 here这里冠词Article (art.)用在名词前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物an,a,the动词Verb (v.)表示人或事物的动作或状态ea
2、t吃 have有介词Preposition (prep.)用在名词、代词等前面,说明句子中词与词之间的关系under在。下 in在。里连词Conjunction (conj.)用来连接词、短语或句子and和 but但是感叹词Interjection(interj.)表示说话时的感情或口气一、名词按意义分类1.专有名词-表示具体的人,事物,地点,团体或机构的专有名称(第一个字母要大写) 例:China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Gre
3、at Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。 2.普通名词-表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。(例如:teacher 老师tea 茶 reform 改革)普通名词又可进一步分为四类: 1. 个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示单个的人和事物。(car 汽车 room 房间 fan 风扇photo 照片) 2. 集体名词(Collective Nouns): 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。( people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团 )
4、 3. 物质名词(Material Nouns):表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 ( fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk牛奶 ) 4. 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。( labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 ) 按是否可数分类名词又可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns).不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算,不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西;它一般没有复数
5、形式,只有单数形式,它的前面不能用不定冠词a / an。抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词. 可数名词是指能以数目来计算,可以分成个体的人或东西;因此它有复数形式 名词名词的功能:名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补足语,表语以及名词短语作状语。1.主语:The bag is in the desk. 书包在桌子里边。2.宾语:I washed my clothes yesterday. 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 3.表语:This is a good book. 这是一本好书。4.宾语补助语We selected him our monitor. 我们选他为我们的班长。 5.介
6、词宾语Mary lives with her parents. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起.6.定语:She is a Party member. 她是一位党员。 名词的复数可数名词有单数和复数几种形式:1. 单数名词词尾加s(例:mapmaps ,boyboys ,horsehorses ,tabletables)2. s , x , sh , ch结尾的词加es. (例:classclasses, boxboxes, busbuses,dishdishes)3.以o结尾的词,变复数时有生命加es.无生命加s (heroheroes ,negronegroes ,tomato,tomatoes
7、,potatopotatoes)4. 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s (例:familyfamilies , citycities, partyparties)5. 以f或fe结尾的名词,#巧记以ffe结尾的可数名词复数 妻子骑牛拿起刀,wife,calf,knife 追得贼狼满街跑,thief,wolf 碰倒架子丧己命,shelf,self,life 手帕树叶半空飘。handkerchief,leaf,half 变f或fe为v,再加es 6.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加s,读|z| 7. 名词复数的不规则变化: (1)childchi
8、ldren womanwomen an Englishmantwo Englishmen (2)单复同形 deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, species,means , Swiss (3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 people police cattle是复数 (OK:a person,a policeman,ahead of cattle , the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss ) (Error: a people,a police,a c
9、attle ) 表示国民总称时,作复数用。 (The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。) (4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词 1.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 2.news是不可数名词。(5) 表示由两部分构成的东西, glasses(眼镜) trousers (长裤) clothes (衣服) 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双) a pair of glasses two pairs of trousers suit(套)(6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思
10、goods (货物) waters (水域) fishes (各种鱼) 不同国家的人的单复数口诀:中日瑞士不用变,英法国人A变E,其余S加后面 名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo
11、 Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen注意事项1、 主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式: The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷) 2、集体名词(family,class, team, g
12、roup, row, police, school)做句子主语时, 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:His family is large.(她的家人很多) 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:His family are all teachers(她的家人都是老师) 3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。 There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊) 4、maths
13、, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数: The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋) 5、glasses, shoes, socks,trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买) 名词口诀人和事物各有名,万千名目可辨清。表示名称即名词,具体抽象有不同。 时间空间和地点,方向位置有专称。主宾定表都可作,名词具有多功能。 2、 动词表示动作和状态的词叫做动词。1) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四
14、类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。 说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如: We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。having是实义动词。He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。(has是助动词。) 2) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词
15、。例如:She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。) 3) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如: She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。) She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词
16、形变化,是非限定动词。 说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。 4)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular Form in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。系动词系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,有些不具词义;有些具有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特
17、征等情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept si
18、lent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired.他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5)变化系动词
19、 这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实,变成之意,例如: The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。 The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success
20、.他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果) 助动词最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:He doesnt like English. 他不喜欢英语。(doesnt是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义) 2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:a. 表示时态,例如:He is singing. 他在唱歌。He has got married.
21、 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态,例如:He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如:Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气,例如:Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。 短语动词动词加其
22、他词性构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词(Phrasal Verb)。例如: Turn off the radio.把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:1) 动词+副词,如:black out; 2) 动词+介词,如:look into; 3) 动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。(一)形容词和副词概述形容词是指那些用来描述或修饰名词(或代词)的一类词。一般放在其所修饰的名词之前。在句中用作定语、表语、补语、状语等。多数形容词具有比较等级。副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、句子以及其他副词的词。在形式上,许多副词带有后缀ly。形容词、副词是中学英
23、语重要语法项目,也是中考重要考查内容。考查重点是:(1)考查形容词与副词区别。形容词与副词均属修饰性词类,但因被修饰内容有所不同而具备不同的用法,中考非常注重对此进行考查,在单项选择题中出现了大量此类试题。(2)考查“级”的范围。两个事物进行比较应使用比较级,三个或三个以上事物进行比较应使用最高级。(3)考查比较级、最高级的注意点:同类事物进行比较。将主语排除在被比较的范围之外的比较,因为主语只能和他人或他物相比,而不能和自己相比。使用最高级时应将主语包含在最高级的范围之内,否则离开这个范围,主语便不能成为这个范围中的最高级。(4)考查比较级的重要句型。比较级有许多热点句型:from bad
24、to worse/worse and worse(每况愈下);more and more(越来越多的,越来越);the+比较级,the+比较级(越越)。(5)考查asas同级比较句型。(6)考查比较级的程度修饰语。比较级的程度修饰语有:much,a 1ot,even,still,a bit,a little等。(7)考查易混形容词与副词的区别(二)基础知识梳理1形容词的用法和位置1)形容词作表语,表明主语的性质和特征,放在连系动词之后。如:Computers are very useful in our everyday lifeLeaves turn yellow in autumn2)形容
25、词作定语,修饰名词或不定代词,通常放在名词之前,不定代词之后。如:This is an unhealthy dietThere is nothing important in todays newspaper3)形容词作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后,与其构成复合宾语。如:You should keep your classroom clean and tidyI found it difficult to get on well with the manager2副词的用法和位置1)副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。根据其用途与含义,副词可分为下列六大类:(1)
26、时间副词。常用的有:ago,before,now,then,soon,already,yet等。(2)地点副词。常用的有:here,there,up,down,above,below,inside,outside等。(3)疑问副词。常见的有:where,when,why,how等。(4)程度副词。常见的有:very,much,so,too,quite,enough等。(5)方式副词。多由“形容词+ly”后缀构成。如:carefully,quickly,easily,quietly等。(6)频度副词。常用的有:always,often,sometimes,usually,hardly,never
27、等。2)副词在句中主要用作状语。也可充当定语、表语等。如:Its snowing heavily outside(状语,修饰动词)I have never heard such a beautiful voice(状语,修饰动词)unluckily, he failed in this physics exam again(状语,修饰整个句子)He was too excited to say a word(状语,修饰形容词)Class is over(表语)The weather here is different from that of Singapore(定语)3)程度副词通常位于被修
28、饰的形容词副词之前,但enough则要放在后面。如:It was much more freezing today than yesterdayHe ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with himWe got up early enough to catch the first bus4)频度副词通常位于行为动词之前,be动词、助动词和情态动词之后,但一般不放在句末。如:I have never been late for classYou must always work like that5)几个副词同时出现时,其顺序一般为:方式副词+地点副词+时
29、间副词(也可位于句首)。一、选择题1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges3. I will tell him as soon as he _ back A. come B. comes C. will come D. Came4. Nobod
30、y _ how to run this machines. A . know B. have known C. knows D. is knowing5. The day is bright and _. Lets go for a walk. A. sunny B. dark C. cloudy D. windy6. The ice in the lake is about one meter _. Its strong enough to skate on.A. long B. high C. thick D. wide7. Dont go out. Its raining _.A. qu
31、ickly B. heavily C. loudly D. hardly8. - Im sure Ive got a bad cold. - Take this medicine, and youll feel _.A. healthy B. best C. good D. much better9. I _ to the cinema. I _ there every Sunday. A. gogo B. am going go C. go am going D. am goingam going10. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his hom
32、e . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk11. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples12. Miss Gao asked a question, but it was _ that nobody could answer it.A. very difficult B. too difficult C. d
33、ifficult enough D. so difficult13. I bought _ exercise - books with _ money.A. a few, a few B. a few, a little C. a little, a few D. a little, a little14. Li Ming did his homework _. So he left school last.A. easily B. quickly C. happily D. slowly15. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin ha
34、s become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room16. He often _ late in the forest. It _ me very much., A. stayedworried B. staied worried C. stayedworryed D. staied Worried17. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. M
35、arys and Peter D. Marys and Peters18. It is raining hard. He is _ to be late. A. Lovely B. likely C. lively D. friendly19._ Jack _ on with his work or _ to have a rest?A. Did went stopped B. Did go StopC. Did went stop D. Did go Stopped20. Marys mother bought a _ coat for her yesterday. A. new big b
36、lue silk B. new blue silk big C. new silk blue big D. blue silk new big21. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen22. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone
37、, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions23. This time yesterday Jack _ his bike. He _ TV. A. repaired didnt watch B. was repairing watched C. repaired watched D. was repairing wasnt watching24. Its important _ exercise every m
38、orning.A. of you to take B. for you to take C. of you taking D. for you25. Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C. children, lives D. child, life26.This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked! A. my
39、 father and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother27. You must drive _ next time, or there may be another accident.A. more carefully B. carefully C. careful D. more careful28.The teacher_ (give) us a history lesson when Tom walked into the classroom. A. gave B. is giving C. was given D. was giving29. What would you like to drink, girls? - _, please. A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees30. Please _ him that we _ able to help him. A. tellwill be B. tells would be C. toldwill be D. told would be