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1、英语动词时态英语时态是英语语法中的第一首难关，攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。一、一般现在时：1. 构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。(1) 直接加 “s”，works, takes(2) 以辅音加 “y” 结尾，变 “y” 为 “i”, 再加 “es” ， carry carries(3) 以 “o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es” ， goes dresses watches brushes 2. 功能：(1) 表现在的事实、状态或动作：eg：. Birds fly. . She loves mus
2、ic. Marys parents get up very early.(2) 表习惯性动作或职业，常与 often, sometimes, usually, always, every week, seldom, occasionally, frequently 等时间副词连用。eg：. I always take a walk after supper. . She writes to me very often. . Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally.(3) 表客观真理，格言警句或事实：. The ea
3、rth moves round the sun. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Two and two makes four. No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。(4) 表将来：. 在由 when, after, before, as, as soon as, although, because, if, even if, in case, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。（黄
4、金重点，所有考试都不放过它！）例如： . Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow. . Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you. . Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed （头脑冷静的，沉着的）. . Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go. . 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。 . The play begins at 6:30 this evening. . Whe
5、n does the plane take off? . He leaves for that city next week. . According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. （按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。）测试精编：二、现在进行时： is/am/are +现在分词1. 表示现在正在进行的动作。如 . The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea? . Dont you think you eat too muc
6、h? Youre putting on weight. (体重增加) . The workers are building a new bridge across the river.2. 表示现阶段正进行的动作。 . He is taking physics this semester. （本学期） . We are preparing for our final examination this week.3. go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。 . Lo
7、ok! The bus is coming. 看！车来了！ . The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. . Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.4. 与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。 . He is always thinking of others.（他总是想着别人。） . The boy is continually making noises. （这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。） . T
8、he teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late. （老师一直在批评她迟到。）5. 下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见），know（知道）understand（理解），belong（属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得）look（看起来），seem（看上去），show（显示），mind（介意），have（有）sound （听起来），taste（尝起来），require（要求），posses
9、s（拥有），care（关心）like（喜欢），hate （讨厌），love（喜爱），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）【简单记忆】： 永远不要说 Im believing或 He is seeing a house. 再简单一点说，这些动词后面不要随意加 ing. 可怕的是：我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！ 注意：have a party / think about 可以用进行时，因为这里have 意为“举行”；think 意为“考虑”。测试精编：三、一般过去时：定义动词的过去式：1. 表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。 . We visited the school
10、last spring. . I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. . China was founded in 1949.2. 表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。（参） . She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day. . They would not lave until she came back. . My friend promised to marry me once she made her final dec
11、ision.3. 一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：Her brother was a chemist. （已去世）Her brother is a chemist. （尚健在） Thats all I had to say. （话已说完） Thats all I have to say. （言之未尽） It was so nice to see you. （离别时用） It is so nice to see you. （见面时用） Jane did a lot of work this morning. （已是当天下午或晚上） Jane has done a lot of work t
12、his morning. （仍是上午）本句现在完成时，此乃后话！四、过去进行时：were/was+现在分词1. 表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。 . I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening. . When I arrived, they were watching TV. . They were doing housework this time last week.2. 用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。 . She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping. . I asked my f
13、riend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.3. 过去某时将发生的事。 可参考 2(4) . They told me that they were leaving for New York. . He was going out when I arrived.五、现在完成时：have/has +过去分词1. 表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与 yet, just, before, recently, lately（最近），ever, never 等表时间的副词搭配使用。 He hasnt seen h
14、er lately. I havent finished the book yet.2. 表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far （迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），since, for along time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in the past/in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前） . He has worked here for 15 years. . I have studied English since I c
15、ame here. . The foreigner has been away from China for a long time. . So far, I havent received a single letter from my brother.3. 某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。I. 常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go, refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish, buy, marry, divorce（离婚），awake（醒），borrow ，lend
16、II. 这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for 引导的时间状语。III. 但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。 She has gone away for a month.（误） She has been away for a month.（正） The man has died for two years.（误） The man has been dead for tow years.（正） How long have you bought the book?（误） How long have you got the book.（正）4. 注意
17、since 的用法： . They havent had a trouble since they came here. . It has been ten years since we me last time. . He has been here since 1980. . He has been here since ten years ago.5. 几组对比： He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。 She has gone. 她已走了。 She is gone. 她缺席了。（or 她死了） T
18、he door has been closed. 门关上了。（动作） The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）测试精编:1. The prices _ going up all the time in the past few years. A. keep B. kept C. have kept D. are keeping2. For the whole period of two months, there _ no rain in this area. A. is B. will be C. has been D. have been3. Today is Jane
19、s wedding day. She _ John. A. have just married withB. was just married to C. has just been married to D. just has been married to4. No wonder the flower have withered, they _ any water for ages. A. hadnt B. havent C. havent had D. hadnt had5. Nowadays computer _ a wide application with the developm
20、ent of production and science. A. found B. has found C. finds D. had found六、现在完成进行时： have/has +been +现在分词1. 表示从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作。 . Ive been waiting for an hour but she hasnt come. . He has been running after her for 8 years. (run after:追求)2. 表某种感情色彩。 . Ive been wanting to see you for so ma
21、ny years.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：现在完成时强调“结果”，而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。 . I have thought of it. （我已想到了这一点。） . I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。） . Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。） . Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）测试精编：1. They _ us since five oclock this morning.A. are helping B. have been helping
22、 C. have been helped D. have helped2. I _ the book the whole day, yet I havent finished it. A. have been reading B. have read C. am reading D. had been reading3. Please come in. We _ about your paper. A. talkB. had been talkingC. have been talkingD. would have talked4. Such natural resources as coal
23、 and petroleum _. A. gradually are exhausted B. are being gradually exhausted C. have gradually exhausting D. have been exhausting gradually5. It _ almost every day so far this month. A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining七、过去完成时：had+过去分词1. 表示过去某表动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。 They had
24、 got everything ready before I came. The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.2. 过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely. when, no sooner than 等固定句型结构中。（此乃超级重点句型，意为：“一 就”） She had hardly/scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang. No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her
25、parents.（注意no sooner在句首时句型倒装。）3. intend（打算），mean（意味）， hope（希望）， want（想要）， plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.（原想昨天去看你） They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it becaus
26、e he had weather.（原计划上周举行一场足球赛）测试精编：1. Lets hurry! The president is coming. Oh, I was afraid that we _ . A. already miss himB. had already missed him C. will miss him already D. have already missed him2. Your letter came just as I _ my office.A. was leaving B. would leave C. had left D. left3. I _ m
27、y keys, I cant remember where I last saw them. A. was losing B. lost C. had lost D. have lost4. Nobody knew where the teacher _. A. has gone B. would have gone C. had gone D. would be gone5. The sportsmen _ training for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off for rest. A. have been B. are C. h
28、ad been D. were八、一般将来时： shall/will + 动词原形1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 He will graduate form the college next year. We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.2. 将来时的其它结构： I: be going to do something. 打算做某事。（美国口语中常读做 be gonna） Im going to buy a new coat this fall.be going to 与will的对比：下列情况须用will Ill be si
29、xteen years old next year. It will be the 20th of August tomorrow When he comes, I will give him your message.II. be + to do sth. 表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。 Am I to take over his work? We are to meet at the gate.iii. be about to do sth. 即将做某事。 The talk is about to begin.3. 重点补充： be on the point of doing sth.
30、 正要做某事 set out to do sth. 着手做某事 set about doing sth. 开始做某事测试精编：1. “The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 oclock.”“But _ a delay.”A. it will be B. thered be C. there will be D. there is2. Hell leave for Paris before you _ next week.A. will come back B. will be back C. come back D. came back3. Our ne
31、xt meeting _ on 1st December. A. has been held B. will hold C. is to be held D. is holding4. Where _ a will, there is a way.A. there will have B. has been there C. there is D. there has been5. It _ be Wednesday tomorrow.A. is going toB. willC. is about to D. is to九、过去将来时： should /would + 动词原形1. 表示从过
32、去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。 He said that they would meet me at the station.2. 此用法常用于间接引语中。测试精编：1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader _ on Saturday.A. is arrivingB. will arriveC. would be arrived D. would arrive2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we _ ready. A. w
33、ill be B. would be C. were D. are3. My aunt _ to see us, she would be here soon. A. is coming B. was coming C. came D. had came4. They would be given a new house if more _ the next year. A. will be built B. would be built C. are built D. were built十、过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词表过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。 She said
34、 that she had been typing a paper before I came in.比较： . The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy. . The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.测试精编：1. It _ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raini
35、ng D. has rained2. He told us that he _ there since 1982.A. has been livingB. had been living C. would have lived D. was living3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and _ now. A. is still learning B. had been learning C. was still learning D. has been learning4. By the end
36、of last week, he _ in the company for 10 years. A. had worked B. had been working C. will have worked D. would have worked5. Not until then did people know that he _ important military information to the enemy for a long time. A. sold B. would sell C. had sold D. had been selling十一、将来进行时：shall/will
37、be + 现在分词1. 表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作: What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 比较： Tom wont cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（说明意图）.Tom wont be cutting the grass.（无意图、仅陈述事实）2. 用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。 Will you be having supper with us this evening?3. 将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。 She will be arr
38、iving at Shanghai tomorrow morning. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.十二、 过去将来进行时：should/would be + 现在分词表示过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。 He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day.测试精编：1. Tomorrow, I _ the book all morning. A. am reading B. will be readingC. will read D. h
39、ave read2. “Can you attend the meeting tonight?”“No, _ the manager about something urgent.” A. I seeB. Ill have seen C. Ill be seeing D. I can see3. Of the millions who saw Haleys comet in 1986, how many people _ long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century? A. will the live B. they will
40、 be living C. will liveD. living4. He told us that he _ visiting Japan by this time next year. A. will be B. would be C. was D. is5. It _ when you wake up tomorrow morning.A. is snowing B. will snow C. will be snowing D. snows十三、将来完成时： shall/ will have + 过去分词表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。 They will have been here
41、for 5years next Friday.By the en of next term, the students will have finished the book.十四、过去将来完成时： would/should have + 过去分词 表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。 He said that they would have arrived by seven oclock.十五、将来完成进行时：shall/will have been + 现在分词 表示某一动作将继续到将来某时，且该动作此时尚未发生。 We shall have been staying here
42、 for four weeks when tom arrives.It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow. 注: 此句型过于复杂，人们很少运用，了解而已。 单项自测题（综合训练）1. Simple photographic lenses cant _ sharp, undistorted images over a wide field.A. to form B. are formed C. forming D. form2. Of all the factors affecting agricultu
43、ral yields, weather is the one _the most. A. it influences farmers B. that influences farmers C. farmers that it influences D. why farmers influence it3. By tracking the eye of a hurricane, forecasters can determine the speed at which _. A. is a storm moving B. a storm is moving C. is moving a storm
44、D. a moving storm4. During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross, _ out of emergency headquarters in Mississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless. A. operates B. is operating C. has operated D. operating5. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been _. A. the least studied B. stu
45、dy the least C. study less and less D. to study the less6. During an eclipse of the sun, _ in the shadow of the moon. A. the Earth liesB.the Earth when lying C. that the Earth lies D. the lying Earth7. The photo periodic response of algae actually depends on the duration darkness, _.A. the light is not on B. and not on light C.