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1、洗衣机Washing machinesThe washing machine from invention to now bas experienced more than a century, through the following stages of development:The worlds first washing machine is the United States in 1874 by Bill Blackstone successfully developed. Around 1910, a first horizontal shaft drum type elect
2、ric washing machine, marking the housework automatic start. Nineteen twenties, the first vertical shaft stirring type washing machine to the United States of America trial-produce is successful, the washing machine, started the “vertical” and “horizontal” cent. The mid 50s, Japans Sanyo Company laun
3、ched Dan Tongbo wheel type washing machine. Starts with the identification of a drum type, mixing type and the wave wheel three working modes. In 60, the Japanese launched with flings the dry barrel semi-automatic washing machine, and a large number of applications of plastic, so that the washing ma
4、chines development into a new stage. In 70, the Japanese launched a wave wheel sets of barrels of fully automatic washing machine, began with “automatic” washing machine concept. In the late 70, the Japanese launched a microcomputer controlled full automatic washing machine. Completed by the mechani
5、cal and electric program control computer control transition, started the computer control era. Then, the washing machine in the developed countries have entered the period of saturation, while in Asia Pacific developing countries began to enter the period of popularization. The late 80s, “fuzzy con
6、trol washing machine” began to appear, to achieve the home electric appliance control method on the high automation. “White goods” concept. In 90s, with the development of inverter technology, Japan launched the first of up motor direct driven washing machine washing machine driving mode, realized t
7、he revolution.The washing machine will be of high reliability，perfect function, water saving and power saving, time saving and noise reduction of specifications varieties diversification for the direction of development.The reason why a washing machine like this can wash and get the water out of the
8、 clothes at the same time is because it has a double layer drum. When washing and rinsing, the pulsator spins and makes the water swirl. To get the water out of the clothes, the inner wall of the drum spins and the water goes through the holes.These days, the “centrifugal force washing machines” are
9、 quite popular. This type of machine does not use a pulsator. Instead, the inner wall spins really quickly. When the drum spins, the dirty clothes get stuck to the wall. The water and detergent also try to escape through the holes of the wall but before they do so, they are forced to escape through
10、the clothes. When this happens, the power of the water and detergent removes the dirt form the clothes. Another good thing about this type of machine is that clothes dont get tangled up so you dont have to worry about your clothes getting ripped or damaged.Next, lets look at some different types of
11、washing machines!Many of you probably think that the water inside washing machines goes round and round. Actually, different washing machines make water flow in different ways.Whirlpool type:This type of washing machine uses a pulsator to force the water to move like a whirlpool inside the Drum. The
12、 spinning water forces the dirt out form the clothes inside the machine. Some of the newer models of this type also make the whirlpool move up and down to make it clean clothes even better!Agitator stirring type:This type of washing machine has something that looks like a propeller at the bottom of
13、the tub. This Propeller spins around and stirs the water. The water then forces the dirt out from the clothes in the machine. The good thing about this type of machine is that clothes do not get tangled up and clothes get evenly washed.Drum type:This type of machine has a drum with many holes in it.
14、 There are also protrusions bumps on the wall of the drum. As the drum turns, the clothes are picked up by the protrusions. When the clothes fall down from the top of the drum through the water, the movement removes dirt from the clothes.Centrifugal force type:As we have said before, the spinning dr
15、um pushes the water and detergent out through the wall of the inner drum. The power that comes from spinning the drum is called centrifugal force, which is where the name comes from. The water is forced through the clothes and then the holes in the inner wall. After one cycle, the water is recycled
16、back into the tank and the process starts again. This cycle is what cleans the clothes!In Japan, people first started using machines in 1930. But then the price of a washing machine was so high that most average persons could not buy one for their homes. Looking back now, there was something strange
17、 and funny on some of the first versions of the washing machine .The machine had two rollers that were used to sandwich each shirt and other clothes to squeeze the water out of them. The rollers were turned by hand, and in fact, you needed a lot of strength to turn those things! Still, people then t
18、hought it was a really neat invention! This type of water squeezer was used for almost 30 years until something new came along. The spin drier that used “centrifugal force” to get most of the water is out of the clothes. In 1953, the nozzle type washing machine was first sold in Japan. This washing
19、machine is like the older brother of the swirling washing machine that you see today. The price of these washing machines was lower and because of this, more people bought them. The first fully automatic washing machine was introduced in 1968, and after that, washing clothes became a lot easier to d
20、o! There are a lot of different types of washing machines. What kind of washing machine do you have in your house?Fully automatic:The fully automatic machine has two drum layers that wash, rinse and remove water from clothes together. All you have to do is add detergent and put in dirty clothes and
21、then washing machine will do the rest. There is also a new type of fully automatic washing machine that can dry clothes after they have been washed.Twin tub:This washing machine has one part that dose the washing and another part that does the squeezing. Even though its a hassle to take the clothes
22、out and move them to other tub, the good thing is that you can wash and squeeze at the same time with one machine.Front loading: The main feature of front loaders is that they use a lot less water than other types. This is the type of Washing machine that dry cleaners use but a lot of people in west
23、ern countries have this type of washing machine in their homes too.Lets try to make the best washing machine in the world!We should already thank the scientists that invented the fully automatic washing machine because it makes washing clothes a piece of cake.Scientists are still trying really hard
24、to find ways to make washing machines a lot handier to use for everyone. Some of the things that they are trying to do are to find better ways of making clothes clean and ways to make washing machines last longer. There are washing machines with drying function today so you dont even have to hang cl
25、othes after words because it dries them automatically! Amazing!Scientists are also trying to find ways to use less water and less detergent in washing machines at present. This is because that it is better to use less water for preserving the environment.What are washing machines of the future going
26、 to be like? Maybe there will be a washing machine that dries and folds your clothes after washing them, or maybe there will be one that will wash your clothes while you are still wearing them! How handy would that be! Remember, if the first washing machine was like a dream to people in the old days
27、, all the dreams you have about washing machines of the future may come true!Now, washing machine is becoming more and more popular. We see the main classification.Washing machine can be divided into automatic type and semi-automatic type two kinds, automatic type washing machine as long as we begin
28、 our work proactively set better washing procedure, washing machine began to work until the end without manual intervention. And semi-automatic washing machine washing and dewatering process is divided, is also called the double barrel washing machine, a tong, one takes off a bucket, and put tong in
29、side washing out to artificial add to take off in the barrel dehydration is handled and complete laundry process. Full-automatic washing machine in structure to take off in tong internal bucket suit, two barrels of axis, while working with the clutch to finish washing state and dehydration of the tr
30、ansition of the states, on the key said is automatic washing machine.Full-automatic washing machine press catharsis means to points, can be divided into bunt washer and roll barrel type two kinds of washing machine, From the electric control ways to points, can be divided into mechanical program-con
31、trolled type and computer board controls type washing machine two kinds.The cylinder and the pulsator washing machine are now the main two kinds.Pulsator washing machine working principle is to add clothing, then open the inlet valve, choose good bibcock of water level and correct working procedures
32、, switch on the power, closed warehouse door, and safety switch closed at water level, the public internal switch contacts are and dehydration contacts are interlinked, inlet valve electrify water, when the barrel water reaches the specified height, in air pressure under the action of water level sw
33、itch inside public contacts disconnect dehydration contacts and connect washing contacts, feed valve power to stop water, motor power is switched on, motor started running, and periodically sometimes are turning, sometimes reverse, mutual alternant, driven by clutch BoLun using the same cycle are tu
34、rning, inversion, with a certain speed rotating BoLun can drive inside bucket of water and clothing, clothing rotating water formed in the mutual friction and reach the purpose of laundry. When washing process is completed, drainage electromagnetic valve electrify work, drain valve is opened, inside
35、 bucket of water exudes, and linkage shaft also the clutch from washing state switch to dehydration state, when drainage is completed, atmospheric pressure drop and inside bucket of water level switch public contacts reset through dehydration contacts, drainage electromagnetic valve keep electrify s
36、tate, motor driven off running electrify bucket high-speed and jilt dry clothing, laundry program after washing machine disconnect hydropower and stop. As for intermediate process of how many times, laundry to wash the length of time, by process control.Roller-type washing machine of the principle a
37、nd Pulsator washing machine are basic similar. But 110mm drum machine it no clutch variable speed, but its motor is double-speed motor, so when washing machine work in washing state, program-controlled device connected motor washing low-speed windings, motor speed slow, working on dehydration, when
38、they connect dehydration modal high-speed windings, motor high-speed operation, this process is programmed through the device and motor to work together to finish.To sum up, the role of these two kinds of washing machine is same, but different implementation, each has his strong point, Pulsator wash
39、ing machine is simulated handmade kneaded action to work, 110mm drum type washing machine is by gravity inertial function to finish our work, they realize washing and dewatering way also have different features, Pulsator washing machine to wear clothes is relatively large, but detergents degree is h
40、igher, 110mm drum machine for clothing wear small, but detergents degrees, but lower than Pulsator washing machine to save water.So far, washing machine is still towards a higher requirements development. The world today is technology, knowledge explosion time, as long as the people have the need, i
41、t may produce some kind of product to meet the needs of the people. The development of washing machine is such, people found it some inconvenience in practice, will continue to improve and perfect it, new washing machine is born in this kind of situation.译文：洗衣机洗衣机从发明到现在已经经历了一个多世纪，经历了以下的发展阶段：世界上第一台洗衣
42、机是于1874年由美国的比尔布莱克斯通集团研制成功的。在1910年左右，第一台卧轴滚筒式电动洗衣机，这标志着人类家务劳动自动化的开始。20世纪20年代，第一立轴搅拌式洗衣机在美国试制成功，由此，洗衣机便有了“纵向”和“横向”之分。50年代中期，日本的三洋公司推出单桶波轮式洗衣机。洗衣机开始确定了滚筒式、搅拌式和波轮式三种工作方式。60年代，日本推出了带甩干桶半自动洗衣机，以及大量的塑料应用程序，使洗衣机的发展步入了一个新的阶段。70年代，日本推出了波轮式套桶全自动洗衣机，从此开始有了“全自动”洗衣机的概念。70年代后期，日本推出了微电脑控制全自动洗衣机。完成了由机械和电气程序控制到计算机控制的
43、过渡，便开始了电脑控制时代。然后，洗衣机在发达国家已进入饱和期，而在亚太地区发展中国家也开始进入了普及期。80年代后期，“模糊控制洗衣机”开始出现，实现了对家电器在控制方式上的高自动化。也出现了“白色家电”的概念。在90年代，随着变频技术的发展，日本率先推出了由电机直接驱动的洗衣机，实现了洗衣机在驱动方式上革命性变化。今后洗衣机将以高可靠性，功能完善，节水省电，省时降噪以及规格品种多样化为发展方向。洗衣机既能洗涤又能脱水的原因在于它具有一个双层水槽，在进行洗涤和漂洗时，波轮旋转，使水成漩涡状。在脱水时，只有内槽快速旋转，从而将衣服中的水从孔甩出。最近渐渐流行的“离心式洗衣机”并不是振动机旋转，
44、相反，而是加速内槽的旋转。当内槽旋转时，该作用力使衣服贴近内层。由于水和洗条剂会从内槽的空洞向外甩出，因此能快速从衣服中穿透，用这种冲击力去除衣服的污垢。关于这种类型的机器的另一个好处是由于在水中衣物不会缠绕，因此不必担心衣物扭曲，变形或坏掉。接下来，让我们看看一些不同类型的洗衣机！很多人可能认为，洗衣机内的水不就是来来回回地流动嘛。实际上，不同类型的洗衣机是以不同的方式使水流动。涡流式：这种类型洗衣机利用振动机的旋转产生涡流，从而去除衣物上的污垢。有的新型洗衣机能使涡流上下反复旋转，从而使污垢更容易去除！搅拌式：这种类型洗衣机在桶的底部有一个看起来像螺旋桨的带有叶片的轴，它会反复地反方向转动
45、，从而将水搅动起来，然后水的作用力将衣物中的污垢去除。它具有使衣服不易缠绕，并能均匀清洗的优点。滚筒式：这种类型洗衣机在开有许多小孔的圆筒中，有突出的板子。外围的滚筒旋转时，板子将衣物抬起，下落时的冲力将污垢去除。离心力式：就像我们前边所说的那样，旋转的内槽将水和洗涤剂从内槽壁推出。从内槽 向外甩出的力叫做“离心力”，这也是“离心力”这个名字的来源。这种洗衣机由于是内槽旋转 ，因此水会从内槽猛地向外部喷射，然后又会回到内槽中，不断地循环往复。正是这种循环清洁了衣物！1930年，在日本，人们第一次开始使用洗衣机。不过，由于当时的售价还很高，并没有普及到一般家庭。现在回想起来，在第一代洗衣机中，安
46、装了一些奇怪而有趣的部件。机器有两根滚轴，夹住衣物，把水挤出来。由于采用的是手动旋转把手后滚轴转动的构造，所以需要相当大的力气，不过在当时它还是非常便利，此后，这种滚轴式脱水机大约被使用了长达30年之久，一直到离心式脱水机出现为止。1953年，涡流式洗衣机的原形分流式洗衣机在日本上市销售。这种洗衣机就像现在所见的涡流式洗衣机的哥哥。由于这些洗衣机的价格低廉，使用洗衣机的家庭渐渐多起来。1968年，第一台全自动式洗衣机登场，在这之后，洗衣服就变得容易多了。洗衣机有许多种类。你们家里用的洗衣机属于哪一种类型呢？全自动：全自动式洗衣机通过双层的水槽接连进行洗涤，漂洗，脱水。你需要做的就只是放入脏衣服
47、和添加洗涤剂，之后洗衣机会自动进行余下的工作。还有一种可以烘干衣物的新型全自动洗衣机。双缸式：这种洗衣机将洗涤的部分与脱水的部分分离。虽然脱水时需要将衣物取出更换地方，但却具有洗涤与脱水能同时进行的好处。滚筒式：滚筒式洗衣机的主要特点是比其他类型用水量较少，干洗店使用的多是这种类型的。而且许多欧洲家庭中也使用这种类型的洗衣机。让我们尝试制造出世界上最好的洗衣机！我们应该很感谢科学家发明了全自动洗衣机，因为它使得洗衣服变成了一件容易的事。科学家仍在努力寻找方法使洗衣机的使用对每个人更加便利。另外，一些科学家们还正在努力，寻找更好的洗涤衣物的方法和制造更耐用，寿命更长的洗衣机。现在洗衣机具有烘干功
48、能，所以你甚至洗后不必进行挂晒，因为它可以自动烘干衣物！这简直太神奇了！目前科学家正在想办法，减少洗衣时的用水量和洗涤剂量。其原因是我们必须珍惜水资源，保护我们的环境。你认为未来的洗衣机将会变成什么样子呢？如果能有可以洗涤，烘干，折叠衣物或是能在人穿着衣服时进行洗涤的洗衣机的话，该有多方便啊！记住，如果第一台洗衣机对旧时代的人们是一个梦想的话，那么对未来洗衣机的种种设想 就很可能最终会变为现实。现在，洗衣机变得越来越受欢迎。我们看看主要分类。洗衣机可分为全自动型、半自动式两种，全自动型洗衣机只要我们开始工作积极定好洗涤程序，洗衣机开始工作，直无须人工干预，便可以把工作进行到底。半自动洗衣机是将
49、洗涤和脱水的过程分开的，也被称为双桶洗衣机。一个脱桶内，把洗好的衣服晾晒出去，同人工加起步脱水处理而完整桶洗衣过程。全自动洗衣机在其结构内部桶起飞套装、两桶轴，同时在离合器的配合下，洗涤完毕和脱水状态的转换关键在于是否是自动的。全自动洗衣机按洗涤方式，可分为系统垫圈和滚桶式两种洗涤机械，按电气控制，可分为机械程控类型和电脑主板控制类型洗衣机两种。滚筒和波轮式洗衣机是目前两种主要类型的洗衣机。波轮式洗衣机的工作原理是放入衣物后，打开进水阀门，选择好正确的水位及工作程序，接通电源，闭合舱门，门安全开关闭合，此时水位开关内部的公共触点是和脱水触点相通，进水阀通电进水，当桶内水位到达指定高度时，在气压的作用下水位开关内部公共触点断开脱水触点而接通洗涤触点，进水阀断电停止进水，电动机电源被接通，电动机开始运转，周期性的时而正转、时而反转，相互交替，通过离合器带动波轮用同样的周期正转、反转，以一定速度旋转的波轮会带动桶内的水及衣物形成旋转水流，