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1、Supply chain integration obtainedthrough uniquely labelled goodsA survey of Swedish manufacturing IndustriesHenrik Palsson and Ola JohanssonPackaging Logistics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden基于商品惟一标识的供应链整合瑞典制造业的调查Abstract 摘要Purpose This paper aims to examine the use of unique identities (through radi
2、o frequency identification technology, bar codes and “human-readable” labels) on packages and load carriers in Swedish manufacturing industries. The purpose is to investigate drivers behind the adoption, the perceived improvements and visions for the coming 2-5 years. It also covers different method
3、s for reading the identities, locations of identification in the supply chain and how the acquired information is utilised.目的：本文旨在探讨瑞典制造业的包装和运输中利用惟一识别（通过无线射频识别技术，条形码和“人类可读的”标签）的使用情况。其目的是为了调查采用者背后的驱动力量，自觉改进的情况，并展望未来2-5年的前景。本文还涉及了在供应链中身份识别，地点识别的不同方法，以及如何获得可利用的资料。Design/methodology/approach The paper u
4、ses the survey method. The survey instrument was developed in co-operation with an expert group consisting of both researchers and industry representatives. The data were analysed using multivariate techniques.设计/方法/途径：本文使用调查法，这种调查工具在专家小组中是相当成熟的，专家小组是由研究人员和行业代表组成的一个小组，对这些数据进行分析时要采用多元技术。Findings The
5、analysis shows that there are a number of distinct clusters of companies with similar drivers for the adoption of unique identification. Characteristics of companies in these clusters are described and compared. The analysis clarifies the essential roles of integration and information sharing to obt
6、ain logistical improvements.结果：分析表明，有一些不同的集团公司群因为类似的驱动力量而采用惟一识别。这些集团公司的特点将被一一介绍和比较。该分析表明，为了获得后勤改进，一体化和信息分享具有至关重要的作用。Research limitations/implications To provide a more robust scientific justification of thesurvey results, in-depth case studies should be carried out and similar studies could be condu
7、cted in other countries and/or industries.研究的局限性/影响：为了给调查结果提供一个更有力的科学依据，应进行深入的个案研究，类似的研究可以在其他国家或行业进行。Practical implications Managers intending to implement unique identities need to understand the importance of having the right organisational motivation to succeed. Firms already using unique identit
8、ies should note that the greater the integration and information sharing, the greater the number of improvements which could be obtained.实际影响：打算实施惟一识别的经理必须理解，拥有正确的组织动机对于成功的重要性。已经在使用唯一识别的公司要注意的是，应致力于更高的一体化、信息共享和更多的改进。Originality/value The study shows that there are links between the drivers behind th
9、e adoption of unique identities and the level of integration and improvements achieved. It also provides the current status of different identification methods in Swedish manufacturing industries.创新/价值：研究表明，唯一识别及其获得的整合和改进背后的推动力量是有联系的。该研究还提供了，目前在瑞典制造业中使用不同的识别方法的现状。Keywords Barcodes，Product identifica
10、tion， Information strategy，Integration，Sweden，Manufacturing industriesPaper type Research paper关键词：条形码，产品识别，信息战略，整合，瑞典，制造业 报告类型：研究报告Integration has been defined as combining and co-ordinating separate parts orelements into a unified whole. In todays global economy, with ever-increasingcompetition, t
11、he manufacture and supply of goods to the customer has becomeincreasingly complex, and without efficient and effective systems of communicationand co-ordination, it will be difficult to identify problems and respond quickly to achange in customer demand. “The signs are clearly pointing to a future w
12、here it will bethe extent and quality of supply chain integration that will determine marketplaceperformance” (Christopher, 1998, p. 232).The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available atIJPDLM39,128International Journal of PhysicalDistribution & Logistics ManagementVol. 39 No.
13、 1, 2009pp. 28-46q Emerald Group Publishing Limited0960-0035DOI 10.1108/09600030910929174Integration is, however, a wide concept encompassing many different aspects ofco-ordinating separate parts of a supply chain into a cohesive whole. Consequently, thephenomenon has been defined in a number of dif
14、ferent, albeit interrelated ways. Pagell(2004) features a review of different definitions of integration. Although a large numberof definitions can be found in literature, they usually share common themes andinclude elements such as co-operation, co-ordination, interaction and collaboration(Ellinger
15、 et al., 2000; Frohlich and Westbrook, 2001; Kahn and Mentzer, 1996). Thedefinitions provided in literature, however, are generally high-level constructs, and assuch, are difficult to measure or assess. Several attempts have been made tooperationalise the constructs to enable empirical measurements
16、of integration. Someauthors have chosen to focus on behavioural aspects, e.g. Ellinger et al. (2000), whosuggest three behavioural dimensions of integration:(1) collaboration, which is defined as informal behaviours based on resource andinformation sharing;(2) consultation, defined as mandatory, bid
17、irectional interactions requiringpersonal contacts; and(3) information exchange, i.e. formal, structured, documented interactions which donot involve personal contacts.Others, like Larson (1994, p. 155), suggest that inter-organisational integration is“measured as (1) co-operative behaviour between
18、purchasing and key supplier firmdepartments, and (2) co-operative attitudes”. A second group of authors, e.g. Dawe(1994), Gustin and Daugherty (1995) and Lee and Whang (2000), focus on informationsharing, information availability and IS system performance across inter-departmentalor inter-organisati
19、onal borders as signs of integration.Frohlich and Westbrook (2001) take a similar path and assess the level ofintegration through signs of integrative activities such as access to planning systems,sharing of production plans, joint EDI (electronic data interchange) access/networks,etc. but they also
20、 include common use of third-party logistics, standardisation oflogistical equipment or containers, and packaging customisation. The inclusion ofpackaging aspects is rare in integration research. Traditionally, packaging has beenviewed as a protective component only, especially in business to busine
21、ss, rather thansomething which can create value throughout the supply chain. While the importanceof integration is not in doubt, relevant literature lacks a comprehensive study of howpackaging and, more importantly, the common information interface packagingprovides, can support manufacturing and di
22、stribution efficiency by integratinginternal and external functions within a supply chain.A key component for achieving integration through packaging is the use of uniqueidentities on items. Unique identities can be realised by means of, e.g. labels, bar codesor radio frequency identification (RFID)
23、 tags which can be applied to packaging. Barcodes and RFID tags may be read using automatic data collection, which is oftensuperior compared to “human-readable” labels. The error rate for human data entryhas been reported to be 1 in 300, while the corresponding level for automatic datacollection is
24、radically lower (Smith and Offodile, 2002). In addition to increasedinformation accuracy, automatic data collection may also reduce time for data entryand reduce paperwork (Singer, 1998). However, the characteristics of technologies forautomatic data collection differ. Regarding performance, RFID ha
25、s a number ofSupply chainintegration29advantages over bar codes. For instance, it does not require line of sight, the readingdistance can be longer, reading is faster and RFID can have both read and writecapabilities. The additional benefits of RFID over bar codes have been reported to savelabour co
26、sts compared to the manual scanning of bar codes, and to reduce inventory,shrinkage and out-of-stock situations through the higher visibility offered by RFID(Lee and O zer, 2007). On the other hand, bar codes have one major advantage overRFID; they are usually cheaper than RFID tags.Unique identitie
27、s can be applied to different levels of packaging; primary packaging(usually a sales unit or item level), secondary packaging (e.g. a case) and tertiarypackaging (e.g. a pallet for bulk handling of goods). Regardless of packaging level, theuse of unique identities must certainly be complemented with
28、 information systemsand infrastructure to register the identities and store data about the whereabouts andcondition of items in the supply chain. However, taking a packaging perspective andfocusing on the use of unique identities to investigate supply chain integrationrepresent, to the best of the a
29、uthors knowledge, a new approach and one which mayprovide new insights into supply chain integration.Thus, this paper examines the use of unique identities (through RFID technology,bar codes and “human-readable” labels) applied to packages and load carriers inSwedish manufacturing industries. The pu
30、rpose of the paper is to investigate driversbehind the adoption, as well as the perceived improvements and visions for the coming2-5 years. It also covers the use of different methods for reading the identities, locationsof identification in the supply chain and how the acquired information is utili
31、sed.The paper is structured in the following way. First, we provide the methodology,including the survey instrument, the respondents and the data collection process.Then, the results of the survey and the data analysis are presented, includingdescriptive statistics, integration levels, logistical im
32、provements, and informationsharing for different types of companies, as well as visions for the future.Subsequently, we discuss our results from a more general perspective in relation tofindings in current literature. Finally, we draw conclusions as we highlight the mainresults and their implication
33、s and make suggestions for future research.2. MethodologyIn order to ensure an overall view of the usage of unique identities, a postal survey ofSwedish manufacturing firms was conducted across a wide range of industries.2.1 InstrumentThe survey instrument was developed in four stages. In the first
34、stage, literatureregarding supply chain integration and RFID technology was reviewed. This reviewfacilitated identification of focus areas for the survey. Supply chain integration wasselected, since the use of unique identification of goods along the supply chain can beseen as a sign of integration.
35、 RFID technology, on the other hand, is considered byauthors in current logistics literature to play a key role for obtaining uniqueidentification of goods. Consequently, current literature on RFID technology presentsmany potential benefits of unique identities which contributed to the surveydevelop
36、ment. In the second stage, a draft questionnaire with 14 question areas wasdeveloped. To gain feedback about the structure and clarity of the questionnaire, it waspre-tested on a group of academics. Based on the feedback, the questionnaireIJPDLM39,130was modified; a number of questions were rephrase
37、d, added or deleted. The revisedquestionnaire was then tested on a group of representatives from industry. This alsoresulted in further modifications; the survey was reorganised, a few questions weredeleted and some questions were rephrased. The final version of the survey instrumentincluded 14 ques
38、tion areas with three to 19 questions per area. The initial questionsconsidered type and registration location of unique identities on a nominal scale. Theother questions were based on a five-point Likert scale covering demographic data,information sharing, results and visions obtained through uniqu
39、e identities. Theresponse alternatives ranged from strongly disagree to strongly agree, with a neutralalternative in the middle.2.2 RespondentsThe survey was directed at logistics managers in manufacturing companies in Sweden.Several industries were selected to obtain a broad overview of the use of
40、uniqueidentities across different businesses, and manufacturing firms were selected becausethese were expected to have both complex internal and external material flows. Tolimit the study, small companies with fewer than 100 employees were not considered.The total population includes 715 companies i
41、n nine different manufacturingindustries with 100 or more employees. The sample size and distributions betweendifferent groups of company size and industries were discussed with a statisticalexpert. This led to the conclusion that company size and type of industry could affectsurvey results. Therefo
42、re, a stratified sample was used to avoid disequilibrium amongthe groups. The companies were divided into three groups according to size; small,medium-sized, and large companies (Table I). All large companies, i.e. those with 500 ormore employees, were included in the sample. Then, 40 per cent of th
43、e medium-sizedcompanies with 200-499 employees were systematically selected, and every one smallcompany in four, i.e. with 100-199 employees, was systematically selected to beincluded in the sample. Thereby, a systematic, stratified sample with approximatelyequal group sizes was obtained. In total,
44、310 firms were selected, which equals asample size of 43 per cent of the total population (manufacturing industries).2.3 Data collectionThe data collection took place in February and March 2008. The logistics managers ofthe selected firms were posted questionnaires accompanied by an explanatorycover
45、ing letter and a pre-paid postage return envelope. The covering letter explainedthe research, asked for the respondents help in completing the survey and promised aprompt copy of the results of the study to encourage participation (Frohlich, 2002).A unique code was attached to each questionnaire to
46、facilitate follow-up. The use of thecode was explained to the respondents and the covering letter emphasised therespondents confidentiality. Reminder letters including the same package were sentout to non-respondents two weeks after the first questionnaire was posted. Follow-uptelephone calls, condu
47、cted one week after the reminder mail, were made to obtainadditional responses. The 152 responses received represent an overall response rate of49.0 per cent. Out of the responses, all but one could be used for subsequent dataprocessing. Table I provides frequency distributions of number of employee
48、s andindustry. A majority of the non-respondents were reached by phone during thefollow-up calls. The reason cited most often for non-response was lack of time, followedSupply chainintegration311 简 介整合的定义是合并和协调不同的部件或零件成为一个统一的整体。在当今的全球经济与日益增加的竞争下，制造和供应的商品的对于顾客而言已日益复杂，没有高效率和有效的系统的通信和协调，将很难在客户需求的变化上发现问题，并迅速作出反应。“有迹象清楚地表明，在未来，数量和质量的供应链整合将决定市场份额（克里斯托弗，1998年，第232页）”。然而，整合的更广泛的概念，包括许多不同的方面，统筹供应链的单独部分以纳入一个统一的整体。因此，这种现象已经被定义在许多不同，但相互关联的方式上。第