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1、附录A 中文译文 室内装潢设计 随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，WTO也以势不可挡的趋势进入中国，国外装饰行业也会象其它行业一样大举抢滩中国最后一块沃土。博大而古老的中国正在不断经受着外来经济和文化的“侵略”，很多有见地的业界人士都在思考酝酿着国内装饰行业的发展和方向。应该欣慰的看到，国内装饰行业从无到有虽只有短短的十五六年的时间，但已成为支柱产业并带动一大批相关产业和人员的发展，并成为空前繁荣的市场。从业人员已经脱胎换骨，同第一批前辈有了量和质的飞跃。因为第三个梯形编队, 更加年轻的世代所有并且接受好教育和知识逐渐影响, 是在这个行业最新的血液。作者居住在装饰行业被开发的美国和一次工作了几年,
2、 那里有理解对装饰行业。首先一点是必须说明的，由于两国的政治体制、综合经济实力、社会背景和文化价值观念的不同，因而在装饰行业也有着与国内不同的行业规范、经营管理模式美国室内设计协会ASID（American Society Interior Designers），IIDA国际室内设计协会，美国建筑师学会AIA，美国建筑透视图工作者协会ASAP，这些都是与建筑装饰相关的专业协会。同国内一样，是行业组织的专业学会，拥有自己的会刊、因特网站，负责评审鉴定设计师的资质和资格。一定包括年卓著的工作评估。学社会通常出版领域最新的倾向, 新闻, 重点题目, 工作介绍, 新材料, 新技术促进在出版物的各种各样
3、的问题, 和提供所有成员的通信, 联络方法, 为了所有者和物质生产工厂相互连接、学术社会和出版物主要依赖性会员资格应得物和广告。当然，他们还会不定期地各种专业性较强的研讨会，加强行业专业的信息沟通交流，同国内所不同的是，美国的室内设计从业者是须有执业资格的（即持证上岗），不只是室内设计，甚至是布艺、园艺、陈设品、家具皆如此。当然，加入协会也是需要考核的，必须通过严格的专业考核（FIDER）。协会的工作不仅仅是加强会员间联系，更重要的是维护室内装饰从业人员的权益和利益，制定行业规范，避免不正当竞争，使业界从业人员有一个良好的机制，维护行业的良性循环。据悉，北京市也将实行室内设计师从业执照制度。装
4、饰材料市场.美国是个高度垄断化的商业社会，建材装饰业同样也是遍布全美。大型超市的一大优势就是可以以较低的价格、最快的信息和运输渠道，较好的服务方式，满足用户。以我常去的HQ为例，巨大的超市宛如飞机制造厂，大至原木、板材、石膏板，小至各种规格螺钉、铁丝，全部都归类明确，一丝不苟条理分明的摆放着，上面极清楚的标明价格、规格、包装，同时，又有专业的售货员为你服务，绝对童叟无欺。你要的每样东西，店员会清楚的告知你价格、优惠幅度清清楚楚的打印出购物单证、价格，并允许在规定时间内无条件退货、换货。一方面，美国人崇尚自己动手，一方面，劳动力的昂贵，使建材超市的货品大多是工业化的半成品，并配套卖很多关于如何自
5、己动手作装饰的书和录像带，回去看看，自己动手作即可。除了上述几家大型超市外，其余就象服装样品店一样，都是各专业厂家或专营某种品牌的连锁店，如专卖灯具、家具，专卖布艺，专卖某种风格装饰品的店Pielimports Potter Ybarn高度的专业化分工，充分满足个性化的需求，无论你需要什么风格、材料，甚至某个国家、某个年代时期的装饰品、家具，都可以在这里找到和定制。巨大的装饰材料配套市场充分满足了不同风格、个性业主及设计师的需求，可以原汁原味的体现整体设计的概念。随着国内金融体制的改革，信用也逐渐走进我们的生活，记得“北京青年报”曾对个人信用的概念和范围作过些讨论，在此不再赘述。国家也把守信用
6、、重合同放在衡量企业经营标准之一，希望我们的装饰材料经销、生产商多一些诚实本分的信用，维护良好的市场环境，希望我们的室内设计从业人员，及早地认识到，信用如同学历、知识一样，是你的个人价值体现。国内与国外在室内装修设计上的区别根本在于经济基础与上层建筑的不同，因而导致在价值观和审美观设计理念、设计认识上的根本区别。我以为，这是首要和必须的前提。以中美两国室内设计从根本认识上的不同可以看出，美国室内设计所崇尚的风格是个性化、自然化，对室内设计的认识是整体的，空间的，而非表面的装饰的，注重设计，而非装饰表象。 我觉得这个话题太大也太专业，因为透过室内设计表面，太多地是反映出不同国家不同人的价值观、审
7、美观，包括中国的室内教育本身，它的立足点和出发点是截然不同的。记得曾看到一些文章，质疑中国的设计教育（包括室内设计）是颇有见地的。文章认为，首先国内的室内设计教育注意表面的、装饰的，而非建筑在室内空间的延续，或曰室内建筑。建筑师和室内设计师是不沟通的，无论对建筑的外延还是内涵，对建筑整体与局部变化、主次变化、材料联系、风格统一的完整性，都是互相脱节、毫无关联的，这点从根本上就与国外有着根本的不同。首先，美国的室内设计师有着较好的从业氛围。一、有业主的完全信任委托和对设计工作的尊重，有明确清晰的投资意向与经营方案，业主只提出要求，设计师负责全面的设计与规划，包括总体创意、局部空间设计，直至陈设、
8、用具，所提供的是一个完整的空间整体设计。而国内的设计则是顶、地、四面墙，除此之外要么不设计，要么就无能为力了。此中难言之隐，想必大家都清楚。二、经济基础和整个社会价值观、审美观的不同导致了设计风格的不同。众所周知，中国刚刚摆脱贫困，迈向小康，急于昭示自己的“实力”和“富有”，于是，无论是我们甲方还是我们自身，都习惯性的认为，凡是好的设计，必是复杂的造型和昂贵的材料，必是罗马柱和抛光花岗岩。于是，我们有了千篇一律的五星级宾馆、星级酒店、豪华餐厅、保龄球馆我们的设计人员每天忙于画餐厅、KTV包间、桑拿希望我们每个设计人员，在醉心于造型、线条、色彩、材料之时，多注重一些尺度，多注重一些文化内涵，多关
9、心一些环保，多研究一些美与实用的关系。国内工程投标中效果图大战的情况就不用多说了，大家都是受益者的同时也都是受害者。据说，有些公司准备用电脑动画来投标、作方案，这股风气蔓延下去，作一个卫生间都要全方位演示，都要吃喝、桑拿加按摩，岂不可悲。希望我们从业者本身要多关注设计本身而非效果图。我想，能做到以上几点的确很难，然而，如果离开了复杂造型和豪华材料，就不会作设计则更惨。同样是室内设计，在国外，已经高度分工，有专作商业设计，也有专作宾馆、酒店，有专作信息产业高科技的，也有专作风情地方特色的高度社会化分工要求设计人员在某一领域中更专业、更详尽。室内设计界人士应该警惕地看到，国外的设计师同样也在准备大
10、举抢占市场。看看北京、上海的一些大型公共建筑，无一不是请的国外建筑师及室内设计师。国内的同行若再不注意提高，则岌岌可危。以我所在的城市，在美国也算中等规模，装饰公司、设计公司，远不及国内这样密集，设计、装饰公司能有表现的机会并不多，凡有工程项目，不容易看出装修工程与周围鲜明的反差。因为它们无论是土建工程、建材行业、陈设品行业、家具、灯具、面料这些室内装饰的因素整体设计、工艺水平都很高，配套兼容性强，所有的商品直接买来摆放就已效果不错，如无特殊要求，根本不需装修公司。由于文化背景不同，东西方在审美上的追求也是截然不同的，体现在室内装修设计和用材上。欧美崇尚自然，尽可能地从地理、心理和感觉上靠近自
11、然，喜欢天然材质如木材、石材，欣赏植物的自然形态，家具的天然质感，尊重手工艺品。其实，这都是在高度发达的物质基础上，人对自然美的渴望和回归。强调个性的追求，使美国的设计艺术呈现出丰富多样，各种风格、流派都可得到发展，并拥有各自不同的消费阶层。同美国的教育一样，设计师在做学生，甚至在中小学、幼儿园时，所注重的不是考试成绩，学习的目地也不是为了高考升学，他们很注重动手能力和创造性思维方法的培养、鼓励个性，倡导思考，为日后工作的创造性，提供了一个良好的思维方式基础，学生毕业时须通过专业资格考试即FIDER，FIDER的基本出发点是一套完整的室内设计专业教育，应该是一个平衡的系统，既提供知识面宽广的文
12、化教育，又传授专业实践所必须掌握的专业技能，FIDER标准在专业学习方面有八类内容：1、艺术基础与创造力培养 2、 理论基础3、 室内设计 4、技术知识5、设计表现技能 6、职业实践知识7、艺术与设计8、研究能力其中每一类又可细分为很多分支类别，如室内设计，包括居家环境和非居家环境，非居家环境设计又被分为商业环境、办公环境、零售、展览、饭店、酒店及文教卫生等，每一个方面又都包括人体工程学、特殊环境设计、设计处理过程（设计任务策划、设计构思、设计评估、空间组织、家具布置及选择、特殊用途设计、细节设计（色彩、材料、灯光、家具设备及纺织品）学生应该掌握这类专业知识，并能运用到具体设计中。他们特别强调
13、学生的独立思考、独创性和解决问题的能力，强调广泛的知识面，重视创造性思维的培养。尤其是职业实践知识，要求学生到施工现场或公司里实习，以缩短从学校到社会的距离，国内事实也如此，在学生毕业招聘中，社会或公司往往需要的是有实践经验工作两年左右的学生，他们具有新的思想和一定的专业技能，直接可以进行到最佳的工作状态。强调对学生学习研究能力的培养，即设计策划和过程处理，由美国室内教育内容及考核标准FIDER可以看出，这是一个合格设计师应该接受的教育模式和内容。21世纪是信息化的社会，商业信息、设计信息处在这个大环境下的设计师，更应该时时提高自己对信息的重视程度，接受最新的设计理论和行业动态，及时的调整自己
14、，最快的知道新材料、新技术、新思想，及时地与同行沟通及商务交往。国外的设计公司、设计学院，甚至很多设计师自己，都拥有自己的电子信箱和因特网站，用来对外交流、展示和商业活动，设计师通过信息高速公路，加快了互相之间的沟通，缩短了时空，在这一点上，国内的装饰行业或院校都作得很不够，绝大多数还在传统经营模式中徘徊。记得曾看过美国的一个设计院校学生的网上讨论及作品发表，从设计开始直至结束，每一过程均上网。同样，作为在写字楼和设计公司中工作的设计师，也可以完全通过另一种方式选择材料、样板，通过上网，通过装饰材料商业网站，直接和生产企业联系，取得最新资料。装饰材料生产企业的商品目录、价格也通过网络、光碟等新
15、的载体，向外发布。所以室内设计，装饰行业也像其它所有行业一样，同样经历着一场“技术革命”。可喜的是，国内装饰行业已逐渐认识到与世界的距离，首先在观念、思想上争取和国际接轨，在行业管理及相关的法律法规上逐步完善和健全。令我感受最深的是，美国人崇尚自然，尊敬大自然，他们对建筑、对室内设计的追求也同样基于这点。美国的民居，甚至办公楼都是用木或石、钢结构，室内只是最简单的乳胶漆或化纤地毯，极少有国内昂贵的木夹板、木材、纯木地板、名贵石材或金属。因为他们有严格的环保法律规定，所用的建材尽可能地可以回收二次利用。当然，他们并非用不起或没有，大量豪华写字楼中同样用着最贵重的石材和金属，讲究的线条及灯饰，名贵
16、木材家具。占全球人口很少的美国人却消耗着全球80%的能源。然而，他们宁肯花钱从国外进口木材、石材、建材，也绝少动用自己的青山绿水，宁愿花钱仿制各种仿真、仿自然的复合装饰材料，也不向大自然索取。克林顿访问中国时，在参观一户人家的新居时，看到了满屋铺的纯木地板，不由叹道，他家都铺不起这样名贵的地板。他没有钱吗？最近看报，克林顿一家在纽约的新寓所就值4800万美元，问题很简单，两国在对待环保认识上是不同的，至少是在实施中是不同的。举个典型的例子，国内从省到市到地、县大兴土木建的文化广场，其模式就是大型音乐电脑灯光喷泉，主题雕塑，满地抛光大理石、玻璃钢花盆。宾馆大堂，无一例外地铺着抛光的名贵石材，极少
17、有人关注，它对人行走的不便与难清洁，就包括我们的家装，也是千篇一律的模式，均是以豪华作为室内设计施工好与坏标准。所有这些现象虽然从专业角度来看不尽人意，但毕竟相比装修业初期，已经大大的进步发展了。在满足我们富有的感觉之后，我们是否应该追求些内在的东西？附录外文译文American Interior Decoration Design IndustryAlong with whole world economic integration advancement speeding up, WTO also enters China by the irresistible tendency, the
18、 overseas decoration profession also can look like other professions equally on a large scale to hasten to ground the Chinese finally together fertile soil. Great and ancient China unceasingly is undergoing the external economy and the culture the aggression, the very many have a head on shoulder fi
19、elds public figures all ponder is fermenting the domestic decoration profession development and the direction. Should gratified see, the domestic decoration profession grows out of nothing although only has the short 15 years the time, but has become the pillar industry and leads large quantities of
20、 correlations industries and personnels development, and becomes the unprecedented prosperity the market. The jobholders already was reborn, had the quantity and the quantitive leap with the first group of seniors. As the third echelon, the younger generation also all in is accepting the good educat
21、ion and knowledge gradually influencing, is in this profession the freshest blood. The author once lived in decoration profession developed US and has worked for several years, also had the understanding to there decoration profession. Here, constructs the decoration magazine with the aid of Hebei t
22、o introduce gives everybody, supplies the reference. First is must explain, as a result of both countries political system, synthesis economic potentiality, social background and cultural value idea difference, thus also has in the decoration profession with the domestic different profession standar
23、d, the management pattern. The profession manages in the American room to design association ASID (American Society Interior Designers), in the IIDA Office of Foreign Relations designs the association, the American architect learns AIA, US architectural perspective worker association ASAP, these all
24、 are the construction decoration related professional association. With domestic is same, is the profession organizations specialized academic society, has own published conference proceeding, the Internet station, is responsible to appraise appraises designers intelligence and the qualifications. C
25、ertainly includes the year outstanding works the evaluation. The academic society regularly publishes the field newest tendency, the news, the focal point topic, the work introduction, the new material, the new technical promotion in various issue of publication, and provides all members communicati
26、on, the contact method, in order to owner and material production factory mutual connection, academic society and publication main dependence membership dues and advertisement. Certainly, they also can non-periodically each specialized stronger seminar, strengthen the profession specialized informat
27、ion communication exchange, with, in USS room which domestic is different designs being employed is must have the disciple of a master qualifications (namely to hold card to post), not only in the room designs, even is the cloth skill, the gardening, the arrangement, the furniture all so. Certainly,
28、 joins the association also is needs to inspect, must through the strict specialized inspection (FIDER). Associations work not merely is strengthens between the member to relate, more importantly maintains the interior decoration rights and interests and the benefit, the formulation profession stand
29、ard, avoids not right competing, enable the field jobholders to have a good mechanism, defends the profession the positive cycle. It is reported, Beijing also will implement in the room the designer to be employed the license system. Decoration material market US is highly monopolizes the commercial
30、 society, the building materials decoration industry similarly also proliferates the entire America. A large-scale supermarket big superiority is by a lower price, the quickest information and the transportation channel, the better service way, satisfies the user. HQ often goes which by me is an exa
31、mple, the giant supermarket just like the aircraft factory, greatly to the log, the plate, the plaster tablet, slightly to each kind of specification bolt, the iron wire, completely all classifies is clear about, is distinctly scrupulous about every detail orderliness distinctly to place, on the pol
32、e of the face clear marks the price clearly, the specification, the packing, simultaneously, also has the specialty the sales clerk serves for you, absolutely treats both the young and the old honestly. You want each type things, the salesclerk can clear inform your price, the margin of preference.
33、the price, and the permission unconditionally return goods in the scheduled time, exchanges goods. On one hand, the American advocates oneself begins, on the other hand, labor force expensive, causes the building materials supermarket the goods mostly is the industrialization half-finished product,
34、and how matches are very many about own begins to make the decoration the book and the video tape, goes back has a look, own begin to do then. Besides the above several large-scale supermarkets, other likely clothing sample shop is same, all is each specialized factory or monopolizes some kind of br
35、and the chain store, like specializes in selling the lamps and lanterns, the furniture, specializes in selling the cloth skill, specializes in selling some kind of style ornament shop Pielimports Potter Ybarn. Altitude specialized division of labor, full satisfied individuality demand, regardless of
36、 you need any style, the material, even some national, some age time ornament, the furniture, all may find in here and have custom-made. The huge decoration material necessary market has fully satisfied the different style, the individuality owner and designers demand, may manifest the overall desig
37、n the concept.Along with the domestic monetary system reform, the credit also gradually enters our life, remembered the Beijing youth reported once has made a discussion to individual credit concept and the scope, no longer gave unnecessary detail in this. The country also guards the credit, the sup
38、erposition with puts manages one of standards in the weight enterprise, hoped our decoration material sale on commission, the producer many some honest duties credit, maintains the good market environment, hoped in our room designs the jobholders, early realized, the credit is similar to the school
39、record, the knowledge is same, is your individual value manifests. Domestic and overseas basic lies in the economic basis and the overtop structure difference in the house decoration design difference, thus causes in the values and in the aesthetic standard design idea, the design understanding basi
40、c difference. I thought, this is most important and must premise. Designs by the China and America room in from the basic understanding is different may see, in the American room designs the style which advocates is the individuality, the nature, designs the understanding to the room in is overall,
41、space, but non- superficial decoration, attenion design, but non- decoration representation. I think this topic too greatly also too specialized, because in the penetration room designs the surface, too many are reflected the different national different persons values, the aesthetic standard, educa
42、te including in Chinas room itself, its standpoint and the starting point are entirely different. Remembered once saw some articles, questioned Chinese the design education (designs including room in) was quite have a head on shoulder. The article believed that, first in the domestic room designs th
43、e education attention surface, the decoration, but the non- construction in the room spatial continuing, or said in the room constructs. In the architect and the room the designer does not link up, regardless of to the construction extension or the connotation, to the construction whole and the part
44、ial variation, the primary and secondary change, the material relation, the style unification integrity, all mutually comes apart, is not connected, this fundamentally with overseas has the basic difference. First, in USS room the designer has well employed the atmosphere. First, has owners complete
45、 trust request and to designs the work the respect, has clear about the clear investment intention and the management plan, the owner only sets the request, the designer is responsible for the comprehensive design and the plan, including overall creativity, partial spatial design, until arranges, th
46、e apparatus, what provides is a complete space overall design. But the domestic design goes against, four sides the wall, in addition either does not design, either was helpless. In this the hard thing to bring up, thought everybody is clear. Second, the economic basis and the entire social values,
47、the aesthetic standard have differently caused the design style difference. It is well known, China just got rid impoverished, stepped to well-off, eagerly toed make clear own the strength and rich, thereupon, regardless of were our the party of the first part or our oneself, all believing, every wa
48、s the good design, had to be the complex modelling and the expensive material, had to be the Roman column and polishes the granite. Thereupon, we had the stereotyped five star classes guesthouse, the star class hotel, the luxurious dining room, the bowling hall Our design personnel are more and more
49、 busy at the picture dining room, the KTV package, the sauna Hoped our each design personnel, it infatuated with when the modelling, the line, the color, the material, pays great attention to some criteria, pays great attention to some cultural connotations, cared about some environmental protections, study some America and the practical relations much. The domestic project bid the effect chart war situation not to need to say much, everybody was at the same time also is