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1、Writing NotesDate: July, 9th, 2017Task I 1. Three Typesi. Data: Bar Chart, Line Graph, Table, Pie Chartu 图表类型：动态图、静态图u 动态图：有两个或以上时间u 重点l 趋势l 特殊值：起点、重点、最高点、最低点、交叉点u 静态图：只有一个或者没有时间l 比较描述对象：使用倍数、比较级ii. Process: Flow Chartiii. Mapu Describe the changeu Eg: Hospital is located to the west of car park2. 评
2、分标准i. Task Achievement/ Task Responseu Cover the Requirements of the task u No off topicsu 不能添加主观想法，只能描述ii. Coherence and Cohesiveu 使用路标性词汇：顺承和转折iii. Lexical Resourceu 使用非高频词汇u Use words and phrases naturally and appropriatelyu Vocabulary diversityu Accurate spelling wordsiv. Grammatical Range and A
3、ccuracyu Accurate grammar of sentencesu Use different ranges of sentences, structures to achiever grammatical3. 写作方法i. 开头段u 图表词改写l The chart : bar chart, line chart, pie chart, table, diagramu 动词shows改写l 注意时态l Shows: illustrates, gives information about, compares, indicates, demonstratesu 关键词（一定要改写）
4、l 数量改写n The number of + 可数n The amount of + 不可数n The quantity of + 可/不可数n The figure for + 可/不可数l 百分比改写n The percentage of : the proportion ofl 句式变化n Compares + 不同事物 + in terms of + 相同事物l 名词变化n Expending : expenditureu 地点（可以不改写）u 时间可以改写l From 1980 to 2000: between 1980 and 2000, during the period fr
5、om 1980 to 2000, over the period of 20 years, over a 20-year periodu EG: The bar charts compares three types of telephone calls in terms of the amount of time spent in the UK between 1995 and 2002.ii. 主段写法u 第一段: 起点数值对比 + 部分趋势u 第二段：剩下趋势 + 终点值对比u 数字三种表述方法l 数值放在句首n EG: 60 million tonnes of goods were t
6、ransported by road in the UK.l 数值放在句末n Stand at = be; stood at = was = totalledn EG: The amount of goods transported by road in the UK was 60 million tonnes.l There Be 句型n EG: There were 60 billion tonnes of goods transported by road in the UK.u 比较句的写法 Comparisonsl “ compared to”, “ compared with”,
7、“ in comparison with” + 短语n EG: 6% of single aged person lived in poverty, compared to only 4% of aged couplel “while”, “ whereas” + 句子n EG：6% of single aged person lived in poverty, while the proportion of aged couple living in poverty was 4%.u 3个数值的对比写法l 第一个数值 the percentage at the startl 第二个数值 ad
8、d a comparisonl 第三个数值 the figure forl EG: 1999, 35% of British people went abroad for their holidays, compared to 28% of Australians spent their holidays in a different country. The figure for the USA stood at 31%.l 若有3个以上的数值， 可以用the figure for 数值C and 数值D were X and X respectively. u 趋势的写法l 时间过渡短语n
9、 Over the following _ yearsl 动态图词汇n 缓慢上升： increase/ rise (rose)/ grow (grew)/ go up (went up)/ an upward trend + gradually/ gently/ slightly/ moderately/ steadilyn 急速上升：+ sharply/dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/ significantlyu 慎用： soar/ surge/ leap/ stood upn 缓慢下降： decrease/ drop/ fall/ decline
10、/ go down/ a downward trend + gradually/ gently/ slighted/ moderately/ steadilyn 急速下降： + sharply/ dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/ significantlyu 慎用： plunge/ slump/ plummet n 达到顶峰： reach a peak/ peak atn 持平： remain constant ( unchanged ) / level off / stabilize n 达到最低点： reach a bottom at / bott
11、om out (at)n 波动上升或下降： fluctuate with an overall upward trend ( downward trend) / increase (decrease) with a few fluctuationsn 顺承：similarly/ and/ likewise/ also/ besides ( 均为副词，前面加句号)n 转折： on the other hand/ however/ by contrast/ in contrast (副词，前面加句号)； but (conj.)n 接下来： then/ afterwards ( adv.)n 尽管：
12、 although/ despiten 约数u 以上：just above/ over / more than u 以下：just below/ almost/ nearlyu 左右：about/ around/ approximatelyn 超过：outnumber/ overtakeu EG: The consumption of chicken overtook/ outnumbered that of ( the figure for) beef in 2000.n 介词： with, of, to ,by, atu With: 有的含义，后面加短语l EG： Obama won th
13、e election with 52% of the voteu AT: 用在加在句尾的数字，at 接数字l EG： The percentage of votes for Obama was highest, at 52%.u In: a rise INu 动态图句式l 基本句型 （ 主句 + 动词 + 副词）n EG: The number of divorces rose gently from 20 million to 35 million from 2000 to 2010.l There be 句型n EG： There was a gentle rise from 20 mil
14、lion to 35 million in the number of divorces between 2000 and 2010.l 被动态n EG： A gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million can be noticed/ seen in the number of divorces during the period from 2000 to 2010. l Witness 句式: 主语为时间n The period from 2000 to 2010 witness/ saw a gentle rise from 20 million t
15、o 25 million in the number of divorces.l Underwent/ Experienced 句式n The number of divorces underwent/ experienced a gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million from 2000 to 2010.l 分词结构n The number of divorces was 20 million, rising to 35 million.u 时间的表达l From 时间 on wards 从.时间以后l Looking into the futur
16、eu 将来的表达l Be expected to l Predictedl Projected l Anticipatedu 当线超过4根及以上时l 第一段：起点数值对比l 第二段：整个趋势 +终点描述n 先写不变的先，再写变化最大的线，最后写剩余的线n EG: Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change in the figures for the top three mobile phone features. However, the percentage of people using their pho
17、nes to access the internet jumped to 41% in 2008 and then to 73% in 2010. There was also a significant rise in the use of mobiles to play games and record video, with figures reaching 41% and 35% respectively. + 剩余终点值对比iii. 结尾写法u 1-2句， 不需要提及数字u 最高线、最低线u 趋势对比u 变化率对比u 段首连接词： the summarize/ it is notic
18、eable that/ it is clear that Date: July, 23rd, 2017Task I1. 静态图1. 开头段与动态图类似，注意改写u 两个数值的对比：倍数、比较级、compare, whileu EG: domestic water use = consumption of residential wateru EG: account for the majority/minority = the largest proportion in u EG: expenditure = spending onu EG: to be more specific, acco
19、rding to the chart/graphu EG: people aged from 26 to 29 = 26-29 year olds2. 主段u 原则l 不要以国家或地区作为分类描述对象l 维度相同时，描述对象可以选择，先做概括，在看数值l 没有国家或地区，按照维度小的作为描述对象l 多余12个数值需要筛选来描述n 最高值n 第二高值n 最低值n 类比差异（比例）最大的值u 句式l 最高级、最低级n The number(数量)/percentage of A is largest/highest/maximal/Lowest/smallestn EG: The proporti
20、on of sole parents living in poverty was highest, 21%.l 比较级n Be higher/ larger than thatn A is considerably higher than B. 超过很多n A is marginally higher than B. 超过一点点n EG: The proportion of single aged person living in poverty (6%) was higher than that of aged couple (4%)n EG: The consumption of chic
21、ken was higher than that of beef/the figure for beef.l 倍数n A is less than/ more than twice/three times B. (A =B*2)a) EG: The consumption of chicken was twice that of beef.b) EG: The proportion of the elderly in 2005 was three times the figure in 1995. (15% versus 5%)n Double/ triple/ quadruple a) EG
22、: Rent as a percentage of the household expenditure more than doubled between 1975 and 1985.n Twofold/threefold 用于动态图 adj & adva) EG: The consumption of chicken increased twofold from 1990 to 1995 (adv)b) EG: There was a twofold increase in retail sales. (adj)c) EG: The rent on average increased thr
23、eefold in the past five years.n Twice/ three times as . as/ compared to a) EG: Television was twice as popular as washing machine in 1999.b) EG：The consumption of chicken was twice as much (可数用many) as that of beef.l 占据n Account for = constitute= take up = occupyu 多重数值比较l 最高值（最高级）-次高值（比较级）-最低值（倍数）-同
24、级比较剩余数值n EG：The percentage of spending on food was highest in Turkey (32.14%) around 3% higher than that（后面是地名可以省略） in Ireland （28.91%） and more than twice the figure for Sweden (15.77%). The figures for another two countries were similar, 16.36% in Italy and 18.80% in Spain. l Rank 排名n A ranked fir
25、st (%) followed by B in类别, while the figures for C and D were remarkably lower at (%) and (%) respectively.a) EG: Italy ranked first at 9% followed by Spain in clothing/footwear.n A ranked second, ahead of/ behind 对象in 类别 a) EG：In 1999, Australia ranked second behind the USA in domestic waste genera
26、tion.l 对比 while/ compared to / in contrastn 最高值（最高级）-中间数值（对比写法+原级）-剩余数值/较低值/最低数值（对比+比较级）a) EG: Italy has the highest proportion of expenditure on clothing and footwear (9%). In contrast, these items constituted/occupied/ accounted for around 6% of expenditure in Ireland, Spain and Turkey, while the
27、figure was even smaller in Sweden (5.4%).n 最高值(比较级)-中间数值（对比+比较级）-剩余数值/较低值/最低数值(对比+比较级)a) EG: Turkey had higher proportion of expenditure than other countries on leisure and education. The percentage of spending was lower in Italy and Sweden (roughly 3.2%), compared to the lowest figure in Spain (1.9
28、8%).l 动态点起点数值比较（与动态图一致）u 不同对象描述之间的过渡l 趋势不同n The opposite trend can be noticed/seen, when looking at the figure forl 趋势相同n The similar trend can be noticed/ seen, when looking at the figure for3. 总结u 最值l EG： Overall, we can see that playing computer games is marginally more popular than chatting. How
29、ever, completely different trends can be seen if we look at the specific figures for boys and girls. 万能句型）u 归纳对象的共同点和其他对象的不同点l EG：It is noticeable that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food, drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has
30、the lowest percentage in the table shown.2. 地图题i. 原则u 方位描述（第一张图）u 变化描述（第二张图）ii. 句式u 三种方位l A is/lies/stands/is located/ is situated in (包含)/ on (内部相邻)/ to (分开) the west of B n EG： The hospital is located in the south of the school.l There be + 定语从句n EG: There is a hospital which lies in the south of
31、the school.l 倒装n EG: In the south of the school lies a new hospital.u 表达l 距离: A lies 100 km to the north of Bl 邻近: A is adjacent to/ is just off/ is next to / is close to/ in the vicinity of B.l 对面: A is on the opposite side of B = A is opposite to Bl 包围: A is surrounded by B.l 代替: the original/ pre
32、vious/ formerl (路)连接: lead to/ connect to l 尺寸: enlarge/ extend/ doubled/ tripled/increased four-fold/halved/reducedn EG: The size of the library is planned to be enlarged two-fold.l 消失: remove/no longer exist/ be demolished （不用disappear）l 新添n A will be established/ built/ constructed inn A newly-bu
33、ilt/a newly-established/ a newly-constructed will be seenl 原有事务改为n Be transformed/ reconstructed/ redeveloped/ converted to B n A be replaced/ substituted by B n A gives ways to make room for Biii. 主段u Turning to the next map, the east part of the island nearly remains constant, but there are signif
34、icant changes after developing tourism. First, two accommodation areas are established in the west as well as in the middle of the island with footpaths linking each house. Between them, there is a restaurant in the north and a reception in the south, both of which are connected by vehicle tracks di
35、rectly to the pier where sailing boats are parked. Additionally, swimming is available for tourists now probably due to the newly-built footpaths which link the west accommodation area with the beach.iv. 总结u To summarize, considerable changes take place on the island after the development of various
36、 tourist facilities.3. 大作文 Task IIi. 要求u 时间：40 minu 字数：280 words (250 words)u 题型：议论类、报告类、混合类u 占分比例：2/3ii. 评分标准（与小作文的区别）u 不偏题u 观点清楚u 每个问题都要回答u 细节（不能想当然），解释清楚、充分展开u 论证逻辑 l EG: Smoking puts health at great risk. It has associated with many serious diseases. According to research, the likelihood for tob
37、acco users to have heart problems is far greater that those who stay away from this habit. Indeed, the percentage of smokers getting heart attack and lung cancer is 10 times higher than that of nonsmokers.l EG:Criminals-offenders-prisons-lawbreakers-people who broke laws-people committing crimesl EG
38、: Overworking, coupled with poor diet, leads to physical degenerationiii. 原则u On topicu Details supporting your opinionu 四段式或五段式u 简单句和复杂句交错使用u 词汇l 词汇范围，使用less common 词汇，注意用词替换n 反向词汇a) increase-alienationb) demotivate-motivaten 同向词汇a) Toxic gas = exhaust fumesb) Alleviate=relieve=mitigate stress EG:
39、Alleviate financial burden EG: Soil erosion was mitigated by planting tress EG: these measures are designed to alleviate the situationc) Clear fuels = non-fossil fuels = renewable fuels d) Support=advocatee) Opponents=scepticsl 语法没有错误n 常犯错误：一个句子出现多个谓语动词/句子成分残缺/词性错误/主谓不一致n 可数：pl. 或 a/the + nn 不可数: th
40、e + n (特指)/什么都不加u Linking 明暗交错使用l 明连接：firstly, secondly, thirdlyn EG: There are several reasons why people believe that more money should be allocated to encourage the use of bicycles in cities. Firstly, they argue that bicycles are an environmentally friendly form of transport. Whereas motorized ve
41、hicles pollute the atmosphere with a whole host of toxic gases, bicycles produce no emissions whatsoever. Secondly, bicycles take up far less space on public roads, and traffic congestion would therefore be significantly reduced if more people use them. Finally, from a health perspective, it can be
42、argued that riding a bicycle regularly is not only good cardiovascular exercise for cyclist, but also a form of leisure that alleviates stress and helps people to relax.l 暗连接n 关键词重复：art project/ work of art/ artworks/ status and sculpturen 代词n 语义n EG: Some are projects definitely require help from t
43、he state. In the UK, there are many works of art in public spaces, such streets or squares in city centers. In Liverpool, for example, there are several new statues and sculptures in the dock area of the city, which has been redeveloped recently. These artworks represent culture, heritage and histor
44、y. They serve to educate people about the city, and act as landmarks or talking points for visitors and tourists. Governments and local councils should pay creative artists to produce this kind of work, because without their funding our cities would be much less interesting and attractive.iv. 题型：辩论&
45、报告&混合（2014）u 辩论：discuss both views and give your opinionsu 报告: give your reasons and suggestions/ effectsu 混合: reasons and opinions & opinions & measures4. 辩论类大作为i. 结构u 五段式（拓展多）（一边倒）：l 介绍背景给出观点-l 正方论据1-（扩展2-3）l 正方论据2-l 反方论据（给出一个并简单说明）l 总结同意的那方的论据或提出建议u 四段式（论居多）：l 开头-l 正方原因（2-3个）-l 反方原因（1-2个）-l 观点+总结
46、同意的那方的论据或提出建议ii. 开头段u 40-50 wordsu 背景引入（话题有关）l . has been commonplace/ prevalentl No doubt we are living in an era when . changes every aspect of our livesl 背景句的写法n The past century witnessed the increasingly important role of _ played in peoples daily lives.n Nowadays, an increasing number of peopl
47、e are concerned about.n (Doing) sth has become commonplace/ prevalentn The past century witnessed the increasing/ decreasing number of _n Despite the fact that the world is undergoing various changes, _remains one of the most heatedly discussed issues, especially with advent of _n There has long been controversy about negative affect of_u 题目改写 （引入争论点）u 我的观点l Personally, I believe that there are more benefits and drawbacks.l I support the latter more than the formerl From my perspective, _ is beneficial (harmful) to us, desp