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1、1.主谓一致主谓一致：谓语动词在人称上和主语保持一致（语法一致、意义一致、就近一致）（1）语法一致：主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致1.单数l 主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语必须采取复数形式A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.l 不定式，动名词，以及从句作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数Reading often means l
2、earning .读书常意味是学习.To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处.What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了.l each,either, neither, one, the other, another, some, any, every和no等构成的复合短语，如（somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody
3、, no one, nothing, nobody）在句子中做主语时，谓语动词用单数Neither likes the friends of the other. Everything around us is matterl neither of与either of结构，谓语动词用单数Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.l a series of,a kind of, one of等结构作主语时看作单数，谓语动词用单数.A series of high technology products has be
4、en laid out in the exhibition. A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.One of those students has passed the examination.l 由more than one (或more than one + 单数名词)，many a + 单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。More than one student has passed the examination.Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.l 由as w
5、ell as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office. Nobody but Amy wants to go to school.Th
6、e man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV.His sister no less than you is wrong. The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.2.视情况而定l 由all of, most of, a lot of, some of, none of, plenty of , the rest 等 + 名词作主语时，谓语动词的单数形式应与名词一致。None of the
7、books satisfy the students.None of this meat is fit to eat.All of the research work was designed by the chief engineer.All of the students are against the plan for an outing at this time of the term.l plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可数与不可数名词作主语时，不可数名词的谓语只用单数，可数
8、名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。1）Half of this building is to be completed by spring.2）Half of the buildings have been painted completely.3）There is plenty of water in the pail.4）There are plenty of eggs in the box.5）There is loads of milk on the farm.6）There are loads of big red apples on the ground.l 由the majori
9、ty of + 名词作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。1) The majority of the damage is easy to repair.2) The majority of criminals are non-violent.3.常考l the number of（的数量），谓语动词用单数；a number of+可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.A number of students are pl
10、anting trees on the hill.l A great/large/small quantity of：其谓语的数原则上与其中的名词的数保持一致(large) quantities of：当它用作主语时，其谓语动词一律用复数There are a small quantity of apples in the house. 房子里有少量的苹果。A large quantity of food was on the table. 大量的食物摆在桌上。Great quantities of milk are needed in this city.One of：“one of+复数名
11、词+定语从句”中，定语从句一般被看成修饰复数名词，因此该从句的谓语用复数形式；在“the only one of+复数名词+定语从句”中，定语从句常看成修饰单数名词，从句谓语用单数形式。This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year.He was the only one of the boys who was given a prize.l And与主谓一致1. 如果and连接的是两个单数可数名词且两个名词前均有冠词，就意味着是两个不同的人或物，谓语动词用复数。The director and the secretary
12、 were present at the meeting.2. 如果and连接的两个单数可数名词中，前一个有冠词，后一个无冠词，就意味着是同一个人或物，谓语动词用单数。A painter and decorator was painting the walls of the house.3. 如果and连接的两个名词是不可数名词且前面均无冠词，并且表示一个事物或一个概念，则谓语动词用单数形式；如果两个名词表示的是两个事物或两个概念，则谓语动词用复数形式。Courage and resolution are the spirit an soul of viture.勇气和决心是品德的精神和灵魂。
13、This bread and butter is too big.这块涂了黄油的面包太大了。4. a watch and chain（安上表链的表），a needle and thread（串了线的针），a knife and fork（刀叉），a lock and key（带钥匙的锁），salt and water，a coat and tie等在句中做主语时，谓语动词用单数。A needle and thread has been found on the floor.5. 如果and连接的两个名词前面都有each，every，many a，no等限制性词语修饰，谓语动词用单数形式。如果第
14、二个名词前面的修饰词省略，也应该用单数。Every minute and every second is precious to us.Many a boy and many a girl has read that novel.During the Christmas season, every train and airliner was croweded.l All与主谓一致1. 如果all用于修饰名词，那么其单复数意义与所修饰的名词的单复数一致。如：All money is spent. 所有钱都花光了。All people are at liberty to express his
15、opinion. 所有人都可以发表自己的意见。2. 如果用于all of，那么其单复数意义与all of后的名词的单复数一致。如：All of my friends like eating cake. 我的朋友大都喜欢吃蛋糕。All of the bread was stale. 所有的面包都不新鲜了。3. 如果all单独使用，那么其单复数意义与本身的意思有关，即当all指人时，表复数意义；若指事物或现象，表单数意义。如：Oh, dear, all is up. 哦，天呀，一切都完了。All are equal before the law. 法律面前，人人平等。比较：All is silen
16、t. 万籁俱寂(指现象)。All are silent. 人人都沉默不语(指具体的人)。（2）意义一致1.有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦乐队）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如：1）His family is going to move.2）His family are very well.注：如
17、这类词后跟有定语从句时，定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则，强调具体成员时，谓语动词用复数，关系代词用who; 强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，关系代词用which。例如：1）The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.2）The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.2.有些表示总称意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如people,
18、 police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如：1）Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.2）The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.3.有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如news, means, works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：1）Politics is a complica
19、ted business.2）Here is the news.4.表示时间、价格、重量、度量、数目、长度的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：1) Twenty miles is a long way to walk.2) Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk.3) Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.4) Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.5.国家、单位和书报
20、的名称，作为一个单一的概念，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：1）War and Peace is the longest book Ive read.2）General Motors has recently closed down a plant. (通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂。)6.the +形容词作主语时，如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：1) The blind are taught trades in special schools.2) The departed（死者） was a good friend of his.
21、(3)就近原则1.由连词or, neitheror, eitheror, not only also, nor等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如：1) He or you have taken my pen.2) Either you or he is no telling the truth.3) Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.2.在there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如：1)There is a desk and f
22、our benches in the office.2)There are two chairs and a desk in the office.2.名词性从句2.1宾语从句宾语从句（主句+引导词+简单句）可以作及物动词、介词（worry about, think about, find out）及形容词(sorry, sure, afraid,glad)的宾语。如：He told me that he was born in 1998.They found out who broke the window.Im sorry that I dont know.1. 引导词l ThatI th
23、ink that he is a clever boy.l Whether,ifShe asked me if/whether the boy could draw a horse.u 只能用whether，不能用if的情况： 与不定式to do连用I dont know whether to stay at home. 做介词的宾语The old man is worried about whether they can find out the thief. Whether引导的从句放在句首Whether we can arrive there on time, I am not sure
24、. Whetheror not固定结构I want to know whether we can go skating pn Saturday or on Sunday.l 疑问代词（what, who, whom, which, whose）和疑问副词（when, where, how, why）I know what you want to say.I dont remember when we arrived.l 带how的词组，how many, how much, how soon, how long, how oftenCould you tell us how much the
25、piture costs?l Whoever, whichever, whateverWhoever = anybody whoWhatever = anything thatWhichever = the person or the thing that2. 语序宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。即：连接代词/副词+陈述句语序。例句如下：I dont know what they are looking for.Could you tell me when the train will leave?Can you imagine what kind of m
26、an he is?3. 时态l 主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.l 主句是一般过去时，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：She was sorry that she hadnt finished her work on time.l 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实真理时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.2.2主语从句在复合句中充当主语成分的句
27、子叫做主语从句(关联词+简单句)。(1) 从属连词that（从句里不缺成分时用that）。如： That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。(2) 从属连词whether。如：Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。(3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever；连接副词 where, whe
28、n, how, why。如：What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。形式主语1. 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good,
29、 wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：Its a pity that we cant
30、go. 很遗憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C. It+be+过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that从句。如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth sate
31、llite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会.It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E. It+doesnt matter (makes no difference, etc.)+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or n
32、ot. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。2.3表语从句表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。(关联词+简单句)1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，appear等。例句：At that time，it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。2. 从属连词whether，as，as if / though引导的表语从句。例句：It sou
33、nds as if someone is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。3. because，why引导的表语从句。例句：Thats why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。(Thats why强调结果)注意：what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，不宜用because。4. 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever连接副词 where，when，how，why例句：The problem is
34、who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。5. 从属连词that例句：The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形” 表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。例句：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我
35、们明天一早就出发。2.4同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语的从句，同位语从句用来对其前面名词进行解释说明。一般情况下同位语从句跟在某些名词(如news, idea, fact, promise, hope, message等)的后面，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容。（1） 由that，whether引导We are surprised at the fact that the children did it all on their own.I have no idea whether we should send the equipment to them.注：在名词doubt“怀疑”后的同位语
36、从句用whether连接；在no doubt“不怀疑”之后的同位语从句用that连接。例如：We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.我们怀疑他们是否能准时完成任务。There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.我们相信张伟会守信的。（2） 由连接代词（who,what,whose,which）和连接副词(when,where,why,how)引导The question who my help us is not clear.They arose
37、the question where we were to get the machines needed.（3） 在suggestion, advice, request, order等意为“建议；命令；要求”的名词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，句中的should可以省略。例如：Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.老师给我们提出了一些如何使用电脑的建议。The suggestion came from the chairman that the new
38、rule (should) be adopted.采纳新规则的建议是主席提出来的。he government gave the order that all these houses (should) be pulled down in three weeks.政府下令三个星期内所有这些房子都要拆掉。（4） 同位语从句的固定句型There is no doubt that 毫无疑问There is no denying that 无可否认There is a chance that 有可能There is an opportunity that 有可能There is a possibilit
39、y that 有可能There is no possibility that没可能3.形容词性从句（定语从句）修饰名词或者代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或者代词叫先行词；定语从句的引导词叫关系词（关系代词&关系副词）；定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句（前有逗号隔开）。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that which who whom whose as 关系副词有：when where why1. that 与which 在指代物时的用法区别that 和which都可以引导先行词为物的定语从句，但是用法有区别： (1) 只能用that的情况a.先行词为everything，all
40、，little，much等不定代词时；b.先行词被all，every，no，any，some，little，much，one修饰时； c.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时； d.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时； e.先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时； f.先行词有人又有物时；g.当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。 (2)只能用which的两种情况 a.非限定性定语从句中b.关系代词前面有介词时 Galileo built a telescope through which he could study the
41、skies.2which与as的区别as 和which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句，三种情况下只能用as，不能用which a. as置于句首引导定语从句时（As we know,） b. as 含有“正如”之意（as we expected） c. 先行词前有such, the same 修饰时（such an easy question as the little boy can answer.）As is often the case等。3. who、whom、that 的区别a.先行词为指人的不定代词时，如those或people 时，常用关系代词who,不用that b.介词之后用关
42、系代词whom引导定语从句c.当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，不用that.如：The aunt who came to see us last week is my farthers younger sister.4. whose 用法“whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西）例：A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（“whose parents”表示那个孩子的双亲）He lives in a room whose window faces south.（“whose”表示那个房子的窗户） whose 表所
43、属关系指物时，可与 of which 转换，词序一般是： 名词+ of whichLook at the building , the roof of which ( = whose roof )is white .5. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句的用法a. 介词之后的关系代词只能用which（先行词为物）或者是whom（先行词为人） b. 介词的选择方法有三个原则：一“先”二“动”三“意义”I lost my pen, with which I took notes. (先行词为pen,使用钢笔用with)This is the house in which he lives. (定语从句中
44、谓语动词live为不及物动词) The gas is oxygen without which we cant live. (根据句意决定)6. 先行词为way时先行词为way，在定语从句中作状语时，用that，in which引导定语从句，也可以省略关系词。e.g. I dont like the way(that/in which) he speaks to his parents.7. 关系副词when、where、when引导定语从句的具体用法 先行词表示时间、地点、原因时，在定语从句中作状语，选择相应的关系副词when、where、why引导定语从句。若其在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则
45、选择关系代词引导定语从句。区别三组例句：a. This is the place where he lives.a. This is the place that/which he visited last year.b. I still remember the time when my brother was a little boy. b.I still remember the time that/which we spent together. c. This is the reason why he was late.c.This is the reason that/which
46、he gave us.某些非地点时间名词用定语从句修饰，关系词在从句中作状语，由where引导定语从句（stage, case, point, situation,position）；同样用法的还有occasion,由when引导定语从句。 e.g. I can think of many cases where students know a lot of words but dont write a good essay. There are many occasions when people dont know what they want.8. 定语从句中的谓语动词关系代词在定语从句
47、中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。 e.g. Anyone who wants to have a holiday puts up your hand. Those who want to have a holiday put up your hand. This is one of the students who have passed the exam.This is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.9. 区分定语从句和其他句型 区别于简单句和并列句There are 70students in our class , most of whom are boys. (定语从句) There are 70students in our class , and most of them are boys. （并列句） There are 70students in our class . Most of them are boys. （简单句） 区别于强调句