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1、非谓语动词张博闻编辑非谓语动词1.不定式和动名词作主语（1）Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. （2）Smoking(抽烟) is prohibited(禁止)here. （3）Being exposed to the polluted air is dangerous. （4）It is impossible for him to do the job alon no use no good no fun Its + a shame + doing a waste of time/money useless dangerous2. 不定式
2、和动名词作宾语规则1：介词以及少数动词和词组后只能用动名词作宾语admit, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, bear, cant stand, delay, escape, deny, consider, fancy, mind, miss, finish, pardon, resist, forgive, imagine, risk, practice, suggest, keep, quit, put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set about, burst out,be/get/become used/accustome
3、d to, look forward to, pay attention to, devoteto, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to= be opposed to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to, be reduced to规则2：常见的带不定式作宾语的动词 想要干want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, claim, would like/love, desire, swear, long, manage 打算做plan, prepare,
4、 arrange, intend 同意否agree, promise, undertake(承诺), offer, choose, refuse, afford决定了 decide, determine, make up ones mind, be determined规则3：动词allow/permit/forbid/encourage/urge/send后既可跟doing sth又可跟 sb to do. eg. （1）We dont permit smoking in the public lounge. （2）The teacher dont permit us to smoke in
5、 the classroom. （3）We all considered travelling abroad. （4）we all considered him to be the best.规则4：need, require, want, deserve doing 动名词的主动形式表被动意义，相当于to be done。规则5：有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语有差别，常用的有：(1) forget to do 忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生) (2) stop to do 停止、中断(某件事)，目的是去做另一件事 stop doi
6、ng 停止正在或经常做的事 (3) remember to do 记住去做某事(未做) remember doing记得做过某事(已做) (4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾(后常跟动词say, tell, inform等) regret doing对做过的事后悔 (5) try to do努力、企图做某事 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 (6) mean to do打算，有意要 mean doing意味着 (7) go on to do 继而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing 继续(原先没有做完的事情)(8) propose to do 打算(要做某事) prop
7、ose doing建议(做某事)(9) cant help to do 不能帮助做 cant help doing 禁不住去做规则8：固定句型(1)There is no/point/sense/harmdoing sth. (做某事没意义/没有害处)(2)have difficulty /trouble/problem/a hard time/a good time/fun (in)doing(3)spend/waste/lose time (in) doing sth.(4)There is no doing sth. (there is no 表“不可能”)，如： There is no
8、 telling what he is going to do.(5)come/become/grow/gettolike/love/realize /understand /know等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上/意识到/懂了/知道了”。(6) do/did/doesnothing/anything/everythingbut (except) 动原； 如果谓语动词不是do/did/does, but (except)所跟的不定式须带to，如：The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. (stop)In that situati
9、on, they couldnt do anything but wait (wait)(7)can not (help/choose) but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to do表示“不得不”，如： Lee could not choose/help but agree with her.(8)“Why not 动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，意为：“为什么不？”，“干嘛不？”(9)“would rather/had better(not)动词原形”意为“宁愿/最好(不)做某事”。(10)there be的非谓
10、语形式 作动词expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate宾语时，通常用there to be结构，在mind, object to等后面用there being，如： We dont want there to be any comrade lagging behind. I dont mind there being a chair here. 作状语多用there being结构，如： There being nobody else at hand, I had to do it by myself.3. 不定式、动名词和分词作表语规则1：不定式作表语
11、一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为，如： (1) What I suggest is to start work at once. (2) His hobby is collecting stamps.规则2：表心理状态的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, thrilling, satisfying, surprising, pleasing等形容词转为分词作表语时，表示“令人的”；interested, excited,
12、delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised, thrilled, 等表示主观“感到”，如： (3) Travelling is interesting but tiring. (4) The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.规则3：get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系动词后都可跟V-ed，表示被动或主语的状态。如remain seated/hidden, ge
13、t paid/ dressed/ changed/ stuck/ hurt/ injured/ burnt等，如： Please remain seated until the plane came to a complete stop.规则4：常用be+V-ed介词 表示所处的状态， be addicted to沉迷于be absorbed in全神贯注于be aimed at旨在/意图be armed with有装备be buried in 埋头工作或学习 be burdened with担负着 be crowded with挤满了 be caught in陷入 be lost in沉迷于
14、 be seated 坐着be devoted to专心致志于be designed/meant/intended for专为而设计be engaged in忙于be engaged to sb.与订婚be fixed on专注于 be faced with面临着be filled with装满了 be grown up 已经长大了 be linked/related/connected to与有关 be tired of / be fed up withbe concerned about关心be dressed in穿着 be located in/on/at位于be married (t
15、o sb.)与某人结婚了 4. 不定式、动名词和分词作定语规则1：单个非谓语动词作定语一般在名词前，但修饰不定代词时在代词后。非谓语动词短语作定语一般要跟在名词后。规则2：不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别：to do sth. 表示与被修饰的名词有：动宾关系。eg. I have a lot of work to do. He has no pen to write with.主谓关系。eg. She is the right person to finish the work.名词前有序数词或最高级。eg. The last one to come will pay the bill. 修饰
16、抽象名词 need, time, way, chance, courage, ability eg. Im not sure about his ability to complete the task alone.分词（1）done表示已经完成的或表被动的动作，如： The water polluted by the factory should be to blame. （2）being done 表示正在发生的被动动作，如： The building being constructed will be used as a library.（3）doing sth.表示：正在进行的主动动作
17、， 如：The man standing there is my maths teacher.【注意】不宜用现在分词短语作定语的情况：(1) The man who came this morning is our legal adviser. () The man coming this morning is our legal adviser. ()不能用doing表达过去动作(2) Is there anyone who can answer this question? () Is there anyone answering this question? () 用answering表
18、达can answer的意思是错的(3) Those who have finished their work can go home now. () Those having finished their work can go home now. () 完成式不能作定语3. drink, learn, sink, light都有两种形式的过去分词，但作定语时，只能用拼写较长的过去分词。eg. a drunken driver 喝醉酒的司机；a learned lawyer 博学的律师；a sunken ship 沉船；a lighted candle 点着的蜡烛有些非谓语动词短语已经游离出
19、来，成为固定短语，当作插入语使用。此时，句子的主语与它们不存在逻辑上的一致关系，如： to tell you the truth实话说， to be exact， to be honest/ frank with you， to begin with/start with， to make matters worse, to do him justice(说句对他公道的话), to be brief Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking一般说来/坦白说/粗略地说，considering ，judging by/from, supposing /suppo
20、se that假定，assuming that假定， providing that 假定，according to，including, owing to 由于，talking/speaking of 谈及， concerning/respecting/regarding 关于 given 考虑到, provided that如果, granted that. 即使，就算是独立主格结构 分词作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般必须与主语一致，但有时可以有自己独立的逻辑主语构成形式：名词(代词) + -ing/ -ed/ to do / adj./ adv./ n. /介词短语:1. 名词（代词）+ -
21、ing : Weather permitting, well go outing tomorrow. There being no bus, we have to go home on foot.2. 名词(代词)+过去分词More time given, we would have done it much better.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.3. 名词(代词)+不定式The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each t
22、o translate a quarter of the book.Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.So many people absent, the meeting had to be put off.The party over, they all went home.His first shot failure，he fired againThe teacher came into the classroom with a
23、 book in his hand /a book in his hand /book in hand /and had a book in his hand. /and he had a book in his hand.独立主格结构的特点： 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在. n/pron.与后面的doing/done/to do/adj./adv./prep.短语是主谓关系. 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开.不定式和分词作宾语补足语 (1) My father permits me to_surf the Internet at the weekend.(2) The
24、 children were last seen playing by the river.(3) Finally I got my car running.(4) The teacher often gets us to recite texts.(5) Id like to get my car cleaned before the New Year.(6) I made my little brother cry. My little brother was made to cry.(7) I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard (
25、hear) and understood. (8) The teacher often has us debate(debate) in class.(9) They had the lights burning(burn) while working. (10) Nancy will have her house painted.(11)I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought?(12)They went home, leaving much wor
26、k unfinished (unfinish)(13) I have once seen the child caught stealing money.(14)I found the little boy lying(lie) under the tree when I passed by. (15)The teacher wanted the paper (to be) finished in an hour.规则1：带宾补的动词like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order
27、, allow，invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach，lead等动词宾语to do sth.，宾语与to do 为主动关系，如：(1)。【注意】hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do()hope sb. to do sth.应改为 wish / expect sb. to do sth.()welcome sb. to do sth.应改为 sb. be welcome to do sth.()agree sb. to do s
28、th.应改为 allow/permit sb. to do sth.()suggest sb. to do sth. 应改为 advise sb. to do sth./ suggest sb. (should) do sth.()demand sb. to sth.应改为 require sb. to do/ demand sb.(should) do sth.规则2：感官动词带宾补的结构规则3：get/send 带宾补的结构。 get / send 宾语doing表示“使起来”，动作由静止到运动并持续下去，如：(4)。 get sb to dolet/have sb. do表示“让某人做某
29、事”，如： The teacher often gets us to recite texts get sth donehave sth done表示“使某事被做”，如： Id like to get my car cleaned before the New Year. send宾语to do表示“派某人去做某事”规则4：make带宾补的结构 使役动词make宾语do/done；宾语与do 为主动关系，与done是被动关系；如make 在被动语态中，to要还原，如：(7)、(8)。规则5：have带宾补的结构规则6：keep/leave宾语doing(主动，且持续进行)/done(被动)，如
30、：(13)。规则7：catch宾语doing表示“发现某人正在做某事”，宾语与doing为主动，且正在进行，如：(14)。规则8：find宾语doing(主动，正在进行)/done(被动、状态或完成)，如：(15)。规则9：want/order/ask/wish/like 宾语(to be)done (宾语与done之间为被动关系)，如：(16)。7. with复合结构 (1)With_the_children_following_him(由于孩子跟着他), he had to go back to the park.(2) With the work finished, he could g
31、o home.(3) With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest.(4) His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand (a book in her handbook in hand)(5) The students stood in line with the national flag being raised.with复合结构既可看作介词短语，在句子中作定语；也可看作独立主格结构，常在句中充当状语。它由“with宾语补语”组成，其中，宾语和宾补之间必须有逻辑一致关
32、系。其结构为：(11)为避免重复，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词后面再次出现相同的不定式作宾语时，常出现单独使用的to，而把曾出现过的动词省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be, have, have been时，要保留这些词，如： John didnt pass his driving test, but I expected him to. China is no longer what it used to be. - You ought to ha
33、ve finished your work. - I know I ought to have 规则3：一些形容词化的过去分词表示已完成的动作或所处的状态，意为“已经的”。 a fallen leaf落叶(已经落在地上)a falling leaf 飘零的落叶，尚在空中 a developed country 发达国家a developing country 发展中国家 a risen sun 升起的太阳a rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳a returned student 归国学生a retired worker 退休工人an advanced worker 先进工作者boiled water 开水boiling water 沸水a bent branch 弯曲的树枝determined opposition 强烈的反对a devoted soldier 忠诚的士兵a wellinformed professor 见多识广的教授18