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1、Spelling Rules Chart 1. Q: Q is always followed by U. U is not a vowel here. (queen).2. C: The letter c usually says k (cat, cot, cut), but c says s before e, i, or y (cent, city, cycle) 3. G: The letter g usually says g (gate, go, gust), but g may say d before e, i, or y (page, giant, gym). The let
2、ters e and i following g do not always make the g say d (get, girl, give).4. A, E, O, U: Vowels a, e, o, u usually say their names/long sounds ei i: u ju: at the end of a syllable (na vy, me, o pen, mu sic). (These are referred to as open syllables.) This rule helps students know how to divide unfam
3、iliar vowel-consonant-vowel words and then pronounce the word correctly. (re portrather than rep ort). 5. I & Y: The letter i and y may say ai at the end of a syllable (si lent, cy cle), but usually say i (in ci dent, cy cli cal). The unaccented suffix y may say i: at the end of a word (ba by, dad d
4、y). The i at the end of a syllable before another vowel that begins the next syllable may say i: (ra di o, me di a). 6. Y not I:. English words do not end in i, j, u or v. The letter y, not i, is used at the end of an English word (my). 7. Silent Final Es: They have at least five functions in Englis
5、h，Silent Final es should be thought of as having a job. The job of the #1 silent final e is to let the vowel say its second sound (letter name) bake gene time/type code cuteThe job of the #2 Silent final e is to prevent us from ending an English word with v or u，because English words do not end in i
6、, j, u or v. love give blue true The job of the #3 Silent final e is to soften a c or g (to make c says s, g says d). chance change The job of the #4 Silent final e is to prevent us from having a syllable with no vowel. Every syllable must have a written vowel.lit tle cas tle bot tle dab ble fid dle
7、Silent e # 5: other jobs or unknown reasons(1) The E keeps a word that is not plural from ending in an s Ex: dense (not dens), purse (not purs), false (not fals)(2) The E adds length to a short main-idea word.Ex.: are, ewe, rye(3) The E gives a distinction in meaning between homonyms.Ex.: or/ore for
8、/fore (4) The E is left over from Middle English or a foreign language where the final E was once pronounced.Ex：treatise giraffe8. WOR: The phonogram or may say : after the w (works). 9. IE or EI: We use the ie most often. We use the ie to sayi: (piece), as a suffix (mov ie), to say ai(pie). We use
9、the ei after c (re ceive), if we say ei, and in some exceptions. (either weird foreign sovereign forfeited leisure neither seize protein)10. SH: SH is used at the beginning of a word (she), at the end of a syllable/word (fish/fish es), but not at the beginning of any syllable after the first one (na
10、 tion), except for the ending ship (friendship). 11. TI, SI, CI: The ti, si, ci say at the beginning of any syllable after the first one (na tion, man sion, spe cial). 12/13. SI:. The si says when the preceding syllable ends with s (ses sion) and when the root word has an s (manse/man sion). Only si
11、 can say except for ti in equation. (vision)14. Rule 1-1-1 Suffix: With a one syllable word ending in one vowel and one consonant, double the last consonant before adding a vowel suffix (hop/hop ping). 15. Rule 2-1-1 Accent: With a two or more syllable word ending in one vowel and one consonant, dou
12、ble the last consonant before adding a vowel suffix IF the accent is on the last syllable (for got /for got/ten). 16. Es Dropping Rule (silent final Es are dropped): When adding a vowel suffix to a root word (hope/hoping). The e is retained in root words with c or g before e, the e can only be dropp
13、ed if the suffix begins with e, i, y (to let c say s, no tic ing) and g say d (chang ing). In suffixes that begin with another vowel, the e is retained (no tice able, change a ble). The e is retained in words that lose their root word meaning (dye/dye ing). The e is retained with a consonant suffix
14、(lone ly). 17. F, L, S: We often double f, l, s, after a single vowel, at the end of a one-syllable word. (full, puff, pass). Occasionally other letters also are doubled. (egg, odd, inn, jazz)18. AY: Root words do not end in the letter a saying ei except for the article a. The ay is used most often
15、(play). When a word end with a, it says a:19. I & O: Vowels i and o may say ai and u when followed by two consonants (find, cold). 20. S, X & Suffix es: To make most nouns plural, add s. The s never follows x. Words ending in s (dress es), x (box es), z (buzz es), ch (teach es), sh (bush es), tch (c
16、atch es) or the sound d dge (bridg es) form their plural by adding es. Some words change f to v and end with es (wiv es). Words ending in y after a consonant form their plurals by changing the y to i and adding es (pup pies). See: Rule 24 21. L Dismiss: The words all, full and till are written with
17、one l when they are added to another syllable. (almost, careful, until)22. DGE: 3-letter d (dge) may be used after a single vowel which says - e- i- - (badge, edge, ridge, lodge, fudge). 23. TCH: 3-letter t may be used after a single vowel which does not say ei-i:-ai-u-ju: (match watch sketch blotch
18、 crutch butcher)24. Ys Suffixes: The single vowel y (not phonograms ay, ey or oy) changes to i when adding a suffix (try/tried, pup py/pup pies) unless the suffix starts with an i (-ing /try ing, -ish/ba by ish). 25. CK: The ck may be used only after a single vowel which says - e- i- - (back, peck,
19、pick, pock et, truck). 26. Caps: Capitalize words that are the individual name or title of a person, place or thing/idea. 27. Z & S: The z, never s, is used to say z at the beginning of a root word (zebra, zoo). 28. ED: The ed says d and t as the past tense ending of any root word that does not end
20、in the sound d (killed) or t (liked). When the ed says ed after words ending with d (land/land ed) or t (act/act ed) they form another syllable. 29. Double Consonants: Double consonants within words of more than one syllable should both be sounded for spelling. (lit tle, but ton)Phonograms Chart音图 美
21、国音标 国际音标 例词1. a /-/-/ah/ -ei-a: have a ball 2. b /b/ b bumblebee 3. c /k/-/s/ k-s cat in the city 4. d /d/ d daddys dragon 5. e /-/ e-i: help me 6. f /f/ f funny face 7. g /g/-/j/ g- d goat and giraffe 8. h /h/ h hug 9. i /-/-/ i-ai- i: its a giant radio 10. j /j/ d jumping jack 11. k /k/ tall-lette
22、r /k/ k king 12. l /l/ l lollipop 13. m /m/ m mammoth 14. n /n/ n noon 15. o /o/-/-/-/oo/ - u-u: Ox over? Love to! 16. p /p/ p puppies 17. qu /kw/ kw queen Always write q with u.18. r /r / r roadrunner 19. s /s/-/z/ s-z Susie 20. t /t/ t teeter-totter 21. u /-/-/oo/ -ju:-u ducks use output 22. v /v/
23、 v valentine 23. w /w/ w wiggle worm 24. x /ks/ ks x-ray a fox 25. y /y/-/-/-/ j-i-ai-i: your gypsy can fly quickly 26. z /z/ z zebra at the zoo 27. sh /sh/ used at the beginning of a word (she), at the end of a syllable (fish es), but not at the beginning of any syllable after the first one (nation
24、), except for the ending ship she fishes for friendship 28. ee / double ee always says / i: peek 29. th /th/-/th/ - three of them 30. ay / 2-letter / that we may use at the end of English words ei play sailboat 31. ai / 2-letter / that we may not use at the end of English words ei play sailboat 32.
25、ow /ow/-/ that we may use at the end of English words au-u cowboy show 33. ou /ow/-/-/oo/-/ that we may not use at the end of English words au-u-u:- sound soul youth trouble 34. aw /aw/ that we may use at the end of English words : auto law 35. au /au/ that we may not use at the end of English words
26、 : auto law 36. ew /oo/-/ that we may use at the end of English words u:-ju: brew a few 37. ui /oo/-/ that we may not use at the end of English words u: ju: fruit juice 38. oy /oy/ that we may use at the end of English words i noisy boy 39. oi /oi/ that we may not use at the end of English words i n
27、oisy boy 40. oo /oo/-/oo/-/ u:-u- u foolish crook at the door 41. ch /ch/-/k/-/sh/ said gradually faster, it resembles a train t-k- chick echo chef42. ng /ng/ used at the end of a word or syllable (a nasal sound) sing a long song 43. ea /-/-/ i:-e-ei eating bread is great 44. ar /ar/ the /ar/ of car
28、 ar: car 45. ck /k/ 2-letter k used only at the end of a root word after a single vowel that says e i k prick a pickle 46. ed /ed/-/d/-/t/ past tense ending ed-d-t spotted, starred, striped47. or /or/ r: form a sword 48. wh /wh/ (blow a feather off your palm) hw whisper to whale 古英语传统读法是hw，现在大部分人是读成
29、w。您也可以教这个音图为w ,加说2-letter w，以区别于w这个音图。即wh , 2-letter w49. oa / 2-letter / that we may not use at the end of English words u toad on a boat 50. oe / 2-letter / that we may use at the end of English words u tiptoe 51. er /er/ the /er/ of her : 52. ir /er/ the /er/ of first 53. ur /er/ the /er/ of nurs
30、e 54. wor /er/ the /er/of work (The wor = /w/-/or/, in most other words w before or makes or say :.) 55. ear /er/ the /er/of early 56. our /er/ the /er/ of journey 57. ey /-/ that we may use at the end of English words ei-i: they have the honey 58. ei /-/ that we may not use at the end of English wo
31、rds ei-i: their leisure 59. eigh / 4-letter / ei eight freight cars 60. ie /-/ i:-ai piece of pie 61. igh / 3-letter / ai night light 62. kn /n/ 2-letter /n/ used only at the beginning of a root word n knights knockout 63. gn /n/ 2-letter /n/ used at the beginning and at the end of a root word n gna
32、t sign 64. wr /r/ 2-letter /r/ used only at the beginning of a root word r dont write wrong65. ph /f/ 2-letter /f/ f photograph 66. dge /j/ 3-letter /j/ used only at the end of a root word after a single vowel that says /-/-/-/-/ d hodge-podge 67. tch /ch/ 3-letter /ch/ used only at the end of a roo
33、t word after a single vowel that does not says /-/-/ /-/ t pitcher 68. ti /sh/ tall-letter /sh/ used at the beginning of any syllable after the first syllable nation 69. si /sh/-/zh/ used at the beginning of any syllable after the first syllable - mansion excursion 70. ci /sh/ short-letter /sh/ used at the beginning of any syllable after the first syllable special social 71. ough /- /oo/, /uff/-/off/, /aw/-/ow/ u- u:-f-f-:-au/ (dough), /oo/ (through), /uff/ (tough), /off/ (trough), /aw/ (sought), /ow/ (bough) Learn in pairs 72. gu /g/ of guilty guy g