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1、复习限制性定语从句 概念引入 定语从句是我们从初中学到高一，又从高一学到高二，可能是出现最频繁的语法项目，在这个单元里，我们复习一下定语从句的用法，重点复习运用限制性定语从句时的注意要点。 先看下面句子： 1. I know youre dying to hear all about my life here, so Ive included some photos which will help you picture the places I talked about. 2. The boys who had never come across anything like this bef
2、ore started jumping out of the windows. 3. We walked for two and a half hours to get there first up a mountain to a ridge from where we had fantastic views and then down a steep path to the valley below.4. The only possessions I could see were one broom, a few tin plates and cups and a couple of jar
3、s.这些句子中斜体词部分就是定语从句，其中句1中包括两个定语从句： which引导的修饰photos； the places后的I talked about是省略了引导词的定语从句，修饰the places。句2中who引导的定语从句修饰boys；句3中是where引导的定语从句修饰a ridge；句4中I could see是省略了引导词that的定语从句修饰possessions。下面我们就来对限制性定语从句的用法进行梳理和总结。为了不影响分析，下文中简单的句子，就不译成汉语了用法讲解定语从句及相关名词的定义1. 什么是定语从句？ 指在句子中起定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句。定语从句
4、包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。2. 先行词：即被修饰的名词、代词或短语，定语从句通常置于在先行词之后。3. 引导词：定语从句的引导词也称为关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词两种，放定语从句前，引出定语从句。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中作一定的成分。关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as关系副词：when, where, why(此处为空白，为了表格完整留出)关系代词和关系副词的用法常见关系代词和关系副词用法表先行词物人人、物地点时间reason从句中的成分主语宾语主语宾语定语地点状语时间状语原因状语关系代词whichthatwhowhomwhos
5、e关系副词wherewhenwhy注：as用法特殊，没有列入表中。选择关系代词的步骤：1. 找到定语从句和先行词；2. 把先行词放定语从句中确定要填的关系代词或副词作什么成分，注意介词的位置；3. 确定是否是特殊用法；4. 选择合适的关系代词或关系副词。小口诀：一看指人还是物二看介词在何处三看句中作何用四看是否属特殊试填细解试在下面句子中填入关系词：1. This is the detective _ came from London.2. The lady _ they wanted to visit is a scientist.3. The book _I am reading is w
6、ritten by Tomas Hardy.4. This is the room _ Shakespeare was born in.5. The desk _ leg is broken is very old.6. I will never forget the day _ I met the famous astronaut.7. Everyone wants to visit the place _ Premier Zhou once worked.8. We dont know the reason _they didnt keep their promise.分析：1. This
7、 is the detective who/that came from London.先行词是人，关系词代表先行词在从句中作主语，填入who或that。2. The lady whom/that they wanted to visit is a scientist.先行词是人，关系词代表先行词在从句中作宾语，填入whom或that。3. The book which/that I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.先行词是物，关系词代表先行词在从句中作宾语，填入which或that。4. This is the room that/which Sha
8、kespeare was born in.先行词是物，关系词代表先行词在从句中作介词in的宾语，in没有提前，填入that或which。5. The desk whose leg is broken is very old.关系词代表先行词在从句中作定语，填whose，相当于“桌子的（腿）”。6. I will never forget the day when I met the famous astronaut.先行词是时间，关系词代表the day在从句中作时间状语，即“在这一天”，填when。7. Everyone wants to visit the place where Prem
9、ier Zhou once worked.先行词是地点，关系词代表the place在从句中作地点状语，即“在这个地方”，填where。8. We dont know the reason why they didnt keep their promise.先行词是reason，关系词代表the reason在从句中作原因状语，即“因为这个原因（for the reason”，填why。重点提示：1. 选择关系词的关键是看它代替先行词在定语从句中所做的成分，切忌只看先行词，相同的先行词可能需要不同的关系词连接从句。如：1. Ill never forget the days _ we stud
10、ied in the university.2. Ill never forget the days _ we spent together in the university.分析：句1填when，因为days在定语从句中作状语，即“在那些日子里，我们在大学学习”；句2填that或which，也可以省略，因为days是spent的宾语，即“spent the days together in the university（一起在大学度过那些日子）”。2. 近几年的高考题中，定语从句表示时间或地点的先行词经常考查一些较陌生的词，如: 1）先行词 situation（情况，位置）, point
11、（要点，地点）, case （实例、情况）在定语从句中作状语时，应该where来引导；2）先行词occasion（时刻），period（时期，课时）, festival（节日）等在定语从句中作时间状语时，用when来引导。Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我们尽力达到双方都能够坐下来谈话的程度。（where表示“在这个要点上”） I can think of many cases where students obviously knew a lot of En
12、glish words but couldnt write a good essay. （where表示“在这些案例中”）我能想出学生了解很多英语单词但不能写一篇很好的论文的情况。Describe an occasion when you had to give a presentation to an audience. 描述一种你必须向观众展示的场合。（when表示“在这种场合”）【高清课堂：复习定语从句-that和which的互换】要点关注1：that还是which？. 改错：读句子，找到问题。1. The man just said hello to me is my chemistr
13、y teacher. 刚刚问我好的那个人是我的化学老师。分析：先行词the man 在定语从句中作主语，从句中just前少了必不可少的关系代词who或that。）答案：just前加who/that2. Egypt is a country where is famous for its pyramids. 埃及是一个以金字塔著名的国家。 分析：先行词country在定语从句中作主语，应用表示物的关系代词表示，不能用关系副词）答案：where which/that 3. This is the best dictionary which I have ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典
14、。 分析：先行词dictionary在从句中作宾语，但是因为有最高级the best修饰，要把which换成that。答案：which that4. The house where we live in is not very large. 我们住的房子不是很大。 分析：先行词house在从句中作in的宾语（live in the house），所以把where改成which/that。注意介词如果在从句中，也可以用that，而介词提前，不能用that，即where=in which。 答案：where which/ that或去掉in5. The house that it was buil
15、t in 1970 stayed up in the earthquake. 这座建于1970年的房子地震后依然矗立着。分析：that代替the house在从句中作主语，与it重复，应去掉it。答案：去掉it. 有多少种情况只能用that而不能用which呢？a. 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词；b. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much 等修饰；c. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；d. 先行词被the only, the ver
16、y, the last 修饰时；e. 有两个或两个以上的分别表示人和物的先行词；f. 当主句是以who, which 开头的特殊疑问句时。 试一试：填空1. The terrible typhoon killed the people and cattle _ were in the fields.2. The wind blew down the tallest tree _ is in front of our school gate.3. This is the very thing _ I was looking for.4. This is the second novel _ I
17、have ever read.5. There is nothing in the world _ can frighten me.6. Who is the man _ is reading under the tree?答案与分析：1. 先行词有人和动物，且在从句中作主语，用that，如果在童话故事中，用who也可以。2. 先行词有最高级修饰，在从句中作主语，用that。3. 先行词有the very修饰，在从句中作宾语，用that或不填。4. 先行词有序数词the second修饰，在从句中作宾语，用that或不填。5. 先行词是不定代词，在从句中作主语，用that，不能省略。6. 主句
18、由who提问，先行词在从句中作主语，用that。 . 宜用which引导的定语从句 1. 关系词是介词宾语，且介词提前时，要用which。The house in which they lived last year has been rebuilt.他们去年住的那座房子已经重修了。2. 引导非限制性定语从句时，要用which。He bought a railway ticket for the woman, which helped her a lot.他为这位妇人买了火车票，那对她帮助很大。注意：一定注意关系词代表先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，才有that或which的选择，如果作定语
19、或状语，则应用whose或关系副词等。要点关注2：as引导限制性定语从句1. as引导定语从句常用于the same. as.，such. as.，as. as.，so. as.结构中。2. as的先行词既可是人，也可以是物。3. as在从句中常作主语、宾语等。I have never heard such a story as he told. 我从没有听过他讲的那样的故事。This is the same book as I lost last week. 这本书和我上周丢的那本一样。注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导从句，但意思不同。She wore the s
20、ame dress that she wore at Marys wedding. （同一条）她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. （同样的）她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。要点关注3：介词+which/ whom关系代词which，whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词常可以提前，从句由“介词which/whom”引出。The film of which Im speaking is to be shown at the Peoples Cinema next week.我正在谈的这部电影下星
21、期在人民电影院上映。This is the old man from whom weve learnt a lot.这就是我们从他那里学到很多东西的那位老人。It was an agreement the details of which (=whose details) could not be altered. 这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。注意：有时介词前可能添加名词、代词、数词等。1. whose与of which/ whom whose引导定语从句时，可以用of which/ whom代替。如： 一座窗户朝南的房子 a house whose windows face south a
22、 house the windows of which face south a house of which the windows face south2. 关系副词与“介词+which” 关系副词when，where，why常用“介词+which”代替。如： There used to be a time at which/ during which/ when he stayed in my house. 曾有一段时间他在我家住。 These are the few points where/ to which we disagree with each other. 这就是我们之间有
23、分歧的几点。 Theres no reason for which/ why we shouldnt be friends. 我们没有理由不成为朋友。3. 介词的确定 1）依据习惯搭配确定 I bought a great many books, on which I spent most of my money. 我买了很多书，这些书花了我多数的钱。2）依据与先行词的搭配的具体意义确定。Jill once worked in the company in which the cars are produced now.吉尔曾在生产这种汽车的那家公司工作。The colorless gas w
24、ithout which we cannot live is called oxygen.这种无色的气体是氧气，离了它我们不能活。注意：总之，把先行词放定语从句中，看缺少什么介词就用什么介词。4. 不能提前的介词有些“动词+介词”的短语不能把介词提前，否则会失去动词短语的意义，如take care of，look for，look after等。 This is the right CD which Im looking for. 这就是我正找的CD。要点关注4：关系词的省略1. 关系代词的省略引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有时可以省略：1）关系代词在从句中作动词宾语时。The lady（who
25、m/that）they wanted to visit is a scientist.他们想要访问的那个女士是科学家。2) 关系代词在从句中作表语时。After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/ that) he used to be.二十年后，约翰逊不再是当年淘气的男孩子了。3）关系代词在从句中作介词宾语，且介词没有提前时。The man（whom/ that）you talked with is my friend. 你与之交谈的那个人是我朋友。2. 关系副词的省略先行词是the way，the place，the
26、 places，the time，the day等，有时用that代替when，where，介词+which，而且可以省略。先行词the reason后的关系副词why也有时省略。The way (that/ in which) he answered the question was surprising.他回答这个问题的方式很让人吃惊。I have never been to the places (that/ where/ in which) the Indians live.我从来没有去过印第安人居住的地方。I should not have wasted so much time (
27、that/ during which) I should have studied.我浪费了那么多本应该用来学习的时间。The reason (why) he did that is quite clear. 他那样做的理由是非常清楚的。巩固练习. 用“介词+关系代词” 填空。1. Do you like the book _ she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book _ she paid $10?3. Do you like the book _ she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book _ she often
28、talks? 5. He dug a hole in the wall _ he could see what happened outside.6. There is a tall tree outside, _ stands our teacher.7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _is the Yellow River.8. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at swimming.9. He paid the boy $10 for washin
29、g ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.10. The speed _ you drive your car mustnt be too high.11. This is the mountain village _ I visited the old man last year.12. In the park there are many flowers, the colour _ is bright and nice.13. The little girl is reading a book, _ there
30、 are many pictures.14. What were the things _ he was not too sure?15. He is looking for his glasses _ he cant see anything. 句子翻译根据下面提示，给Tom写一封信，尽量多地使用定语从句。我收到了你上周的来信，谢谢你寄的照片。我常常想起我们一起度过的时光，你还记得那个湖吗?我们在那儿还照过一张相呢。和我们一起玩的那些朋友还好吗?我昨晚做了梦，在梦里我们在上次去的那家电影院呢。另外，我买到了你要的那本英语书，周末有时间我将把书寄给你。. 单项选择。1. She showed
31、the visitors around the museum, the construction _ has taken more than three years. A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which2. He has got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why3. Is this the reason _ at the meetin
32、g for his carelessness in his work? A. he explained B. what he explainedC. how he explained D. why he explained4. In China, the number of cities is increasing _ development is recognized acrossthe world. A. where B. which C. whose D. that5. Do you have anything to say for yourselves?Yes，theres one p
33、oint _ we must insist on. Awhy Bwhere Chow D/6. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they rememberedthe scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger.A. in which B. by which C. which D. that 7. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk f
34、requently. A. whoB. asC. about whichD. with whom8. I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. which C. where D. that 9. The great trouble he _show us how to run the machine _him very tired.A. took to; made B. takes to; make C. took; make D. take to; to make 10. W
35、e are living in an age _ many things are done on computers. A. which B. that C. whose D. when 11. Look at the watch. Dont you see it is _ watch _ Helen lost the other day?A. as the same; as B. thesame; as C. the same; which D. as the same; that12. All the neighbors admire this family _ the parents a
36、re treating their child like a friend.AwhyBwhere Cwhich Dthat13. Im sorry to say that the way _ you did it was not the way _the teacher told you.A. which；that B. 不填；不填 C. that；in which D. 不填；in which14. Is this hotel _offered you a job _ you stayed the first time you arrived here?A. which, where B.
37、the one, in which C. where, that D. the one that, where15. I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault.Awho Bthat Cas DWhat16. Children who are not active or _ diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.Awhat Bwhose Cwhich Dthat 17. What surprised me was not what he said b
38、ut _ he said it.Athe way Bin the way that Cin the way Dthe way which18. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.Awhere Bwhich Cwhen Dthat19. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.Afor which Bat which Cin which Don which20. Were just
39、trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.Awhere Bthat Cwhen Dwhich21. People _ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those _ dont.Awho; / B/; who Cwho; who D/; /22You may borrow any book_.Athat you interest Bwhich you
40、are interestedCthat interests you Dwhich interests you23There is nothing in the world _ can please him.Awhich Bwhat Cwhom Dthat24The second book _ I want to read is Travels in China.Awhich Bwhat Cthat Das25. He promised to do all _ he could _ me out of the difficult situation.Awhich; help Bthat; hel
41、ped Cthat; helping Dthat; to help26The professor talked about some poets and poems _ were unknown to us.Awhich Bwho Cthat Dwhom27. I know the reason _ he came late this morning，but I dont tell anyone about it.Awhy Bwho Cwhere Dwhen28. The house the windows _ were damaged has been repaired.Aof that B
42、of which Cwho Dwhich29. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.Aon which Bby which Cto which Dfrom which30. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. A. when B. whose C. which D. where 答案与解析：. 用“介词+关系代词” 填
43、空。注意：在这些句子中，which或whom引导定语从句，并且代表先行词在定语从句中作介词宾语。1. on which。spend some time/ money on sth. 花一段时间/钱在某事物上2. for which。pay some money for sth. 为某物付.钱3. from which。learn . from. 从.中学会.4. about which。talk about 谈论某事物5. through which。句意：他在墙上弄出个洞，透过这个洞，他可以看到外面发生的事。6. under which。under the tree 树下。7. of which。the second longest of the rivers 第二大河8. to whom。speak to sb. 与某人说话9. of which。most of which = most of the ten windows10. at which。drive at the speed 用这种速度开车11. in which。visit the old man in the mountain village 在小山村拜访那位老人12. of which。表示“花