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1、第一道题目是填空 主要是我们学过的一些翻译的定义啊 标准等等第二大题是句子翻译 汉英都有 基本上课本和课件上都有的第三题篇章翻译。第一题5分第二题45其中第二题7个英译汉8个汉译英，一个3分。第三题 一篇汉译英一篇英译汉各25分1、 Definition of Translation1) Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. Columbia Encyclopedia2) Translating is the replacement
2、 of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual in another language (TL). (J.C. Catford)3) Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style(所谓翻译，是指从语义到文
3、体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息). (E. A. Nida)4) Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Peter Newmark )5) A translation is taken to by any target-language utterance which is p
4、resented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. (Gideon Toury)6) 翻译是“把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来”。 （范存忠）Author Translater Reader2、Process of TranslatingUnderstanding: grammatical analysis- semantic analysis-ExpressingChecking3、Criteria for TranslationTypical Mode of
5、 China案本 求信 神似 化境The Han-Tang Dynasties: wen VS. zhi wen: the readability of the translated text: rhetoric and smoothness zhi: faithful reproduction without cutting off anything. Key word: faithfulness xin(信)，da(达) and ya(雅) xin: faithfulness da: expressiveness ya: elegance (refinement) interpretati
6、on: 信： 为读者准确传达原作的内容; 达： 尽量运用他们所习见的表达方式; 雅： 通过艺术地再现和加强原作的风格特色来吸引他们.(王佐良)spiritual similarity （神似）以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而是神似。（傅雷）perfection through conversion/ reincarnation （化境）把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于“化境” 。 （钱钟书）Typical Criteria in the West Principles of Alexander F
7、. Tytler1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;2) The style manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original;3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (一、译作应完全复写出原作的思想；二、译作的风格和手法应和原作属于同一性质；三、译作应具备原作所具
8、有的通顺)4、Classification1). by naturenative language foreign language foreign language native languageTL: Target Language SL: Source Language2). by semiotic type： Intralingual Translation(语内翻译) Interlingual Translation(语际翻译) Intersemiotic Translation(符际翻译)3). by form:Oral Translation ( interpretation)W
9、ritten Translation (translation)4). by style： Literary Translation （如小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、文艺理论等）Non-literary Translation （如法律、科技、专业学术论著等）5). by method：Absolute/Complete Translation(全译)Selective Translation(选译)Translation with Reconstruction/ Adapted Translation(编译)Modification plus Translation(改译)Abstract Translation (摘译)5、Quality of a Good Translator1). Good mastery of original language2). Good target language cultivation:3). Professional ethics :2