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1、石家庄经济学院华信学院毕业设计参考文献综述2003年2月17日，建设工程工程量清单计价规范GB50500 -2003作为国家标准，己由国家建设部、质量监督检验检疫总局联合发布，于2003年7月1日起实施。对于“全部使用国有资金投资或国有资金投资为主的大中型建设工程”，该规范为强制性规范。工程造价管理改革的目标，是建立以市场形成价格为主的价格机制并与国际惯例接轨，工程量清单计价改变了定额计价法采用国内平均先进水平，宏观控制投资的基本观点，根据工程施工条件、工程进度、施工方法等编制更贴近每个工程具体情况的合理造价。实施工程量清单计价将改革以工程预算定额为计价依据的传统计价模式，逐步形成“市场形成价
2、格、企业自主定价”的新格局把工程计价的权利真正交给企业、交给市场。可以说，实行工程量清单计价模式是市场经济的必然产物。工程量清单计价模式是按市场经济要求建立起来的一种造价管理和招标方式，它对充分发挥市场机制作用完善工程造价机制，规范建设市场，无疑起到了积极的推动作用。改变了过去定额计价的诸多弊端，提升了企业的管理水平和竞争力，但相对于我国尚不成熟的建筑市场环境，在实行过程中还有很多有待完善的地方。由于这项改革牵涉面较广，同时考虑到我国工程造价领域的实际情况，还要建立起良好的有利于工程量清单计价模式实施的配套环境，才能更好推动工程造价管理改革的深入和体制的创新，最终建立由政府宏观调控，市场有序竞
3、争形成工程造价的新体制。实行工程量清单计价法是深化工程造价管理改革的重要举措，是推进建设工程市场化的重要途径，也是规范建设市场秩序的措施之一，对我国建设领域的改革意义深远：1.实行工程量清单计价是深化工程造价管理改革，加速工程建设市场化的有效途径。长期以来，我国一直采用工程预算定额作为计价依据。由于工程预算定额控制的量是社会平均消耗量，还不能准确地反映企业的实际消耗量，不能全面地体现企业的技术装备水平、管理水平和劳动生产率，不能充分体现公平竞争的原则，因为社会平均水平不代表社会的先进水平。由于工程量清单计价提供的是计价规则、计价办法以及定额消耗量，摆脱了定额标准价格的概念，真正实现了量价分离、
4、企业自主报价、市场有序竞争形成价格。因此，工程量清单计价模式采用的是市场计价的模式，有利于我国建设工程市场竞争机制与市场竞争环境的形成。2.实行工程量清单计价是规范建设市场秩序和用技术手段防范腐败的治本措施之一。在以前的招投标工作中存在着一些弊端，导致了腐败的滋生。工程量清单和“控制价”的公开，提高了招投标工作的透明度，为承包商竞争提供了一个共同的起点，使招投标过程真正做到了符合“公开、公平、公正”的原则。3.实行工程量清单计价是与国际接轨，融入世界大市场的需要。国外企业以及投资项目会越来越多地进入国内市场，他们必然要带进国际通行的做法来计算工程造价，国内企业要与国外企业竞争市场，就必须熟悉国
5、际上通行的计价方法。为了适应这种对外开放的建设市场形势，就必须与国际通行的计价方法相适应，为建设市场各方主体创造一个与国际惯例接轨的市场竞争环境。工程量清单计价是国际通行的工程计价方式，在我国实行工程量清单计价，有利于提高国内建设各方主体参与国际化竞争的能力。4.实行工程量清单计价是促进建设市场有序竞争和企业健康发展的需要。工程量清单计价模式是一种真正和市场经济体制相适应的一种投标报价模式，真正贯彻了国家当前工程造价体制改革“控制量、指导价、竞争费”的原则，实现了“在国家宏观控制下，以市场形成价格为主的价格机制”的工程造价改革目标。参考文献1 GB50500一2003.建设工程工程量清单计价规
6、范.北京:中国计划出版社，20032 袁建新.工程量清单计价实务.北京:科学出版社，20053 柴玉松.对工程量清单计价模式推行中存在问题的防范.学术之窗，20064 李福强.建设工程工程量清单计算规则与全国统一建设工程基础定额5 潘立新.浅谈工程量清单下企业定额的编制与管理.山西建筑，20046 唐元峰.对工程量清单计价模式的探讨，福建建设科技，20047 武晋生.实行清单报价与建筑企业经营转变的关系.科技情报开发与经济，20008 楼翱.从工程招标实践谈工程量清单招标，建筑经济，20049 罗薇. 工程量清单计价方法在建筑市场中的应用研究 2006外文参考文献建设工程项目管理的方法论研究摘
7、要：建设工程项目是数量最多、最典型的“项目”，建设工程项目管理的实践是项目管理理论的重要渊源之一，融合了项目管理实践经验的系统的项目管理理论又为建设工程项目管理提供了理论工具，使得建设工程项目管理日益系统化、科学化。 关键词：项目管理 工程管理 1. 问题的提出及现状综述项目管理之所以成为一种现代社会解决“一次性问题”的有效工具甚至一种职业资格，在社会事务、经济过程中广泛应用并且快速发展，就在于它提供了一种新的方法。现代社会经济总量不断增加，经济全球化、信息化趋势日益增强，发展速度加快，过程复杂，新的行业、领域不断出现，产品开发周期缩短，导致越来越多的“一次性”、没有可仿照的任务的出现，尤其是
8、企业和管理社会公共事务的政府，更面临着日趋复杂的来自市场和国内外事务的各种问题，涉及到的因素、利益主体越来越多，这些问题常规的管理办法难以解决或圆满解决，而来自建设工程项目及军事、空间探索等领域的项目管理方法经提升为项目管理理论和思想，提供了解决社会经济发展中非常规问题的方法。可以认为，项目管理的发展与应用在于它的方法。项目管理在中国广泛推广流行是近几年的事，而我们引进、流行的重点，不应是繁琐的理论、概念、程序，而应该是简明、适用、有效的方法。工程项目管理方法不仅是具体方法，也包括思想。工程项目建设作为发展经济的重要手段，不仅花费巨大，而且对环境有较大影响，所以必须满足连续的、协调发展要求，这
9、也是工程项目管理的重要指导思想之一。方法论是对方法的研究。全面建设小康社会、开发西北、振兴东北的现实背景可能掀起新一轮工程建设热潮，可持续、协调发展科学发展观对工程项目建设提出了一定制约的宏观控制，这一点要落实到建设项目管理的方法上。工程项目管理的目的不仅是实现具体的目标（工期、质量、费用），也应做到项目建设与环境、社会的协调，否则可能像以前那样投资失误、失策、失控。这也是工程项目管理方法上升到“方法论”的意义之一。项目管理的理论至今已可以说是很完备的，这不仅表现在丰富多样的理论成果如各种项目管理书籍出现在市场上，也表现在这个领域有了自己的“知识体系”，如美国项目管理协会（PMI）于1987年
10、提出并经1996、2000年修订的“项目管理知识体系”，国际项目管理协会1997年推出了“项目管理人员能力基准”，中国双法研究会项目管理研究委员会也于2001年推出中国项目管理知识体系。上述各知识体系将项目管理知识划分为若干领域、要素、模块，中国的知识体系有“方法与工具”概念，其他体系未有关于方法的独立专题，而是贯穿于项目管理的各个阶段、过程、领域。各种项目管理著作也多侧重于对项目管理内容、阶段、程序、组织等的论述，对于方法的专门论述不多见。当然这并不意味着对方法的忽略，但对方法的总结、集中研究与完善有助于项目管理的推广应用和项目管理作用的充分发挥。2. 建设工程项目管理的思想性方法项目管理的
11、思想性方法也可称为思想，之所以将项目管理思想作为方法加以分析，是工程项目管理的背景、环境日益复杂，涉及环节、因素增多，项目对环境、经济的影响较大，并受到人文、社会关系的影响，资金来源、建设形式也日趋多样化，如果仅仅着眼于具体的技术方法，不能从战略高度对项目进行综合分析，就不能与国家的发展战略、发展观念相协调，所以首先研究工程项目管理的思想方法。工程项目管理体现出来的思想是多方面的，其中最基本的应该是系统思想。系统思想不仅是项目管理的基本思想，也是项目管理理论形成与发展的基础之一。系统思想的科学基础是系统论，哲学基础是事物的整体观。系统论是二十世纪五十年代发展起来的，八十年代在中国曾在哲学界引起
12、巨大影响，是“三个论点”之一（另两论是信息论、控制论）。在很大程度上，“项目”与“系统”是一致的，例如二者都有明确的目标、一定限制条件、需要制定计划实现目标并在实施过程中根据信息反馈进行控制等。“系统工程学是为了研究多个子系统构成的整体系统所具有的多种不同目标的相互协调，以期系统功能的最优化、最大限度地发挥系统组成部分的能力而发展起来的一门科学”，如果将其中的“系统”改为“项目”，将“系统功能”改为“项目目标”，这一定义也适用于项目管理。工程项目管理的系统思想包含两个含义。一是将工程项目自身作为一个系统来管理，也就是运用系统科学的方法，通过信息反馈与调控，对工程项目进行全面综合管理，包括计划、
13、组织、指挥、协调、控制，以实现项目的目标。工程项目管理系统思想的第二个含义是工程项目作为一个系统，又是大系统的一个子系统，“大系统“包括项目所在行业、所在地经济、社会环境、以至于地区、国内、国外市场等，要将工程项目放到社会经济系统中，作为社会大系统的子系统看待，特别要注重项目建设与环境、资源、文化、区域发展规划等大系统的协调，符合持续发展的要求。项目自身是一个系统，又是社会环境系统的子系统，项目自身的顺利实施是一个目标，符合社会、环境、发展要求又是一个目标。在这样的思想指导下，工程项目建设才能既然实现自身目标，又能起到振兴区域经济、协调全面发展的作用。这一指导思想重点应在项目的策划、评价、决策
14、阶段体现。3. 工程项目管理的技术性方法技术性方法是项目实施过程中的具体方法或工具，在不同环节有不同的方法。建设项目除了与环境协调的宏观目标，特别应有质量、时间、费用三大目标，前期需经评价，在实施过程中涉及合同、采购、信息、人力资源、风险等的管理，对于上述目标和过程中的管理内容，目前都有一定的方法，这些方法综合起来，共同控制、协调项目以保证项目建设的成功实施。对于项目建设的直接管理可分为项目评价、直接目标管理、过程管理、综合管理四个部分，各部分可采用相应的方法。4. 结论(1)建设工程项目管理方法包括思想、技术两个层次，思想是系统思想，技术是各种具体的工具性方法。 (2)研究项目管理方法有助于
15、项目管理研究摆脱繁琐的理论篇幅，走出表面化的倾向，以其简洁性、实用性应用于工程建设管理中去，发挥其在促进经济社会的协调发展的作用。 (3)工程项目管理研究、推广应用的重点应该是方法。Construction Project Management Methodology Research Synopsis: The construction project is the most quantitative and most typical, the project, the construction project management practice is one of project ma
16、nagement theory important origins, melt the project management experience system project management theory to provide for the construction project management takes care discusses the tool, caused the construction project management increasingly systematization, the scientific style.Key word: constru
17、ction project management 1st The question proposes and the present situation summary Project management therefore becomes one kind of modern society solves the disposable problem the effective tool down to one professional qualifications, in the social affair, the economical process the widespread a
18、pplication and rapidly develops, consist it in providing one new method. The modern social economy total quantity unceasingly increases, the economical globalization, the information tendency strengthen day by day, the development speeds up, the process complex, the new profession, the domain unceas
19、ingly appear, the product development cycle reduces, causes more and more much disposable, not to have the duty appearance which the precedent may follow, in particular the enterprise and the management society public affairs government, is facing day by day complex coming from the market and domest
20、ic and foreign business each kind of question, involves the factor, the benefit main body are more and more these question conventions policing methods solve or the satisfactory solution with difficulty, But comes from domain the and so on construction project military and space exploration project
21、management are promoted for the project management theory and the thought, provided the solution social economy to develop the central africa convention method. May believe that, the project management development and the application lie in its method. The project management in the China widespread
22、promotion popularization is in recent years matter, is on the rise, but we introduce, the popularization key point, should not be the tedious theory, the concept, the procedure, but should be is concise, is suitable, the effective method.The construction project management not only is the concrete m
23、ethod, also includes the thought. the project construction does for the developing economy important method, not only spends greatly, moreover has a tremendous influence to the environment, therefore must satisfy, the coordinated development request sustainably, this also is one of construction proj
24、ect management important guiding ideology. The methodology is to the method research. The comprehensive construction well-off society, develops northwest, promotes northeasts realistic background possibly to raise the new turn of project constructs upsurge, sustainable, coordinatedly development sci
25、ence development view proposed to the project construction the certain restriction macrocontrol, this point must carry out the items of basic construction management in the method. The project management goal not only is the realized concrete goal (time limit for a project, quality, expense), also s
26、hould achieve the project construction and the environment, societys coordination, otherwise possibly again stepped before invested the fault, loses whips, the out of control road to disaster. This also is the construction project management rises the methodology one of significances. The project ma
27、nagement theory has until now been allowed to say is very complete, this not only displays in the bountiful theory achievement like each kind of project management books appearing on the market, but also displayed in this domain had own the knowledge system, like the American project management asso
28、ciation (PMI) in 1987 proposed and after 1,996, in 2000 revised the project management knowledge system, the international project management association in 1997 has promoted the project administrative personnel ability datum, the Chinese double law research association project management committee
29、also promoted Chinese Project Management Knowledge System in 2001. The above various knowledge system divides the project management knowledge into certain domains, the essential factor, the module, Chinas knowledge system has the method and the tool the concept, other systems have not concerned to
30、the method independent topic, but is passes through to project management each stage, the process, the domain. Each kind of project management work also stresses on to the project management content, the stage, the procedure, the organization and so on the elaboration, not sees regarding the method
31、specially elaboration. Certainly this did not mean to method neglecting, but to the method summary, the centralism studies and consummates is helpful to the project management promoted application project management function full display. 2nd, The construction project management ideological method P
32、roject management ideological method also may be called the thought, therefore performs the project management thought as the method to analyze, is the project management background, the environment complex day by day, involves the link, the factor increases, the project to the environment, the econ
33、omy influence is bigger, and comes under the influence which the humanities, the society relates, the fund originates, the construction form also day by day diversifies, if merely focuses to the concrete technical method, cannot highly carry on the generalized analysis from the strategy to the proje
34、ct, cannot with the national developmental strategy, the development idea coordinate, therefore first studies the construction project management the thinking method. The construction project management manifests the thought is various, most basic should is the system thought. The system thought not
35、 only is the project management basic thought, also is the project management theory forms one of with development foundations. The system thought scientific foundation is the system theory, the philosophy foundation is thing overall view. The system theory is the 20th century 50s develops, the 80s
36、once caused the huge influence in China in the philosophy, were three theory one (another two theory are information theory, cybernetics). In the very great degree, the project with the system is consistent, for example the two all have the explicit goal, the certain limiting condition, needs to for
37、mulate the plan realization goal and carries on the control in the implementation process according to the information feedback and so on. The many kinds of different goals intercoordination which the system project is for study which many subsystems to constitute the integrated system has, by expec
38、t system function optimization, maximum limit displays a science which the system constituent the ability develops, if changes the system to the project, the system function will change the project goal, this definition also will be suitable for the project management. The project management system
39、thought contains two meanings.One is the construction project oneself take a system to manage, also is utilizes the systems scientific method, through the information feedback and the regulation, carries on the comprehensive synthesis management to the project, including the plan, the organization,
40、the direction, the coordination, the control, achieves the project goal.The construction project management system thoughts second meaning is the construction project takes as a system, also is a big systems sub- system, the big system including the project in the profession, the locus economy, the
41、social environment, down to the area, the home, the foreign market and so on, put the construction project to the social economy system in, regards as the social big system subsystem, specially must pay great attention to the project construction and the environment, the resources, the culture, the
42、region development plan and so on the big system coordination, conforms to the sustainable development requirement. Project oneself is a system, also is the social environment systems subsystem, the project own smooth implementation is a goal, conforms to social, the environment, the development req
43、uest also is a goal. Under such thought leading, the project construction can since achieves own goal, also can play promotes the region economy, the coordinated full scale development role. This guiding ideology should plan, the appraisal, the policy-making stage with emphasis in the project manife
44、sts. The construction project management also has some other thought like controllability, the goal, the team and so on, but they all are system thought extending, is take the system thinking as the foundation, therefore does not elaborate. 3rd, The construction project managements technical method
45、Technical method is in the project implementation process concrete method or the tool, has different method in the different link. The construction project except with the environment coordination macroscopic goal, specifically should have the quality, the time, the expense three big goals, the earl
46、ier period must pass through the appraisal, involves the contract, the purchase, the information, the human resources, the risk in the implementation process and so on the management, regarding in the above goal and the process management content, at present all has the certain method, these methods
47、 synthesize, controls, the coordinated project together guarantees the project construction successful implementation. Can divide into the itemized appraisal, the direct goal management, the process management, the synthesis regarding the project construction direct management four parts, each part
48、may use the corresponding method. 4th, The conclusion (1) The construction project management including the thought (philosophy), the technical two levels, the thought is the system thought, the technology is each concrete tool method. (2) The research project management is helpful to the project ma
49、nagement research gets rid of the tedious theory length, goes out the surfacing, by its succinct, the usability applies to the construction management, the promotion economic society coordinated development.(3) The engineering project management research, the promoted application should be a method with emphasis. 五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工