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1、外文资料翻译Steel bearing plates appeared to have failed during service due to wear damage. The subsequent failure analysis revealed that the observed surface damage was the result of widespread plastic deformation and smearing associated with a network of surface crazing, rather than wear. Additionally,
2、the majority of the bearing plates examined met microstructural specifications, although both the carbon and manganese contents were below the specified limits. The deficiencies in carbon and manganese lowered the hardenability of the alloy and may have contributed to the need for an overly severe q
3、uench during the heat treatment processing employed during manufacture.The microstructures and resulting properties of carbon steelperhaps one of the most versatile materials in todays worldcan be manipulated to suit any number of service applications. The most common means of structure/property man
4、ipulation employ the use of heat treatment and/or surface treatment during the manufacturing process. These processes often involve numerous variables that must be controlled precisely in order to achieve the desired microstructural and mechanical properties, and even a small deviation in alloy chem
5、istry and/ or processing technique can result in the compo-nent becoming unfit for the intended service. The analysis presented in this paper focuses on the fail-ure analysis of a component that was quenched, tempered, and austenitic nitrocarburized in prep-aration for service. Although it appeared
6、that all of the parameters specified for the component had been achieved as a result of the applied processing steps, components experienced a significant number of failures during service. One of the primary find-ings of the following failure analysis is that a component does not necessarily meet s
7、pecifications simply because a specific set of processing require-ments have been fulfilled; oftentimes one must take a step back and examine not only whether specified requirements are achieved, but the possible implica-tions of the manner by which they are achieved.Each bearing plate was part of a
8、 larger assembly that included a cylindrical compression block. Several bearing plates had failed during service, with an average prefailure service period of approx-imately 15 to 20 h. The client specified that the bearing plates were to be manufactured from AISI 1010 steel. The component was to be
9、 austenitic nitrocarburized and clamp tempered to create a white-etching compound layer. The depth of this near-surface layer was to be within the range of 0.0203 to 0.0635 mm (0.0008-0.0025 in.), with a minimum visual heat-affected zone (HAZ) of 0.1016 mm (0.004 in.). The hardness of the HAZ was to
10、 be a minimum of 50 Rockwell C (HRC) at a depth of 0.0762 to 0.1270 mm (0.003-0.005 in.). In addition to the failed bearing plates, a series of intact bearing plates were also examined to provide a baseline for further characterization of the problem.Visual inspection of each failed bearing plate re
11、vealed significant surface damage that appeared to have been caused as a result of cyclic adhesive wear during service.1 The damage was widespread within the central regions of the bearing plates and appeared macroscopically as concentric wear or abrasions on the contact surface. Inspection at low m
12、agnifications revealed that the surface damage was the result of plastic deformation and smearing of the bearing plate material along the contact surface. Crack propagation was also observed in the most severely deformed areas. Additionally, an intricate network of surface cracking was observed to b
13、e widespread among the bearing plates (Fig. 4). Both the surface cracking and the deeper penetrating cracks propagated perpendicular to the direction of deformation, extending radially from the center of the bearing plate. All four of the failed bearing plates examined had similar characteristics. T
14、hree of the ten “non-failed” bearing plates also contained similar surface cracking; the remaining nonfailed bearing plates were covered with an oxide scale that severely in-hibited macroscopic examination.Signs of wear were also present on the mating surface of a cylinder block from an assembly tha
15、t had contained a failed bearing plate. Wear patterns on the contact surface of the block were consistent with concentric wear patterns noted on the failed bearing plates, although macroscopic examination did not reveal any surface cracking on the cylinder block.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of
16、 the damaged areas on the bearing plates confirmed the visual examination, indicating that the observed damage was the result of localized plastic defor-mation within the bearing plate material. In addition to the plastic deformation, widespread surface cracking was also observed by SEM. The increas
17、ed magnification available via SEM revealed that much of the surface cracking was due to checking or crazing, conditions characterized by fine cracks in the surface or coating of a metal part that do not penetrate to the substrate. This type of cracking is most often associated with heat treat-ment
18、and/or thermal cycling, but can also be caused by nonuniform cooling following heat treatment. Scanning electron microscopy of the nonfailed bearing plates showed that several of these bearing plates also contained cracks, including cracks that had not been observed macroscopically. With the excepti
19、on of a retempered bearing plate, all of the observed surface cracking on the nonfailed plates appeared similar in nature to that observed on the failed bearing plates. The cracking on the re-tempered bearing plate appeared as a series of smaller, more discontinuous cracks, rather than an intertwine
20、d network (Fig. 8). This was likely a result of the retempering process, which could close portions of the preexisting surface cracks and produce a disjointed cracking pattern. 翻译钢支承板出现因磨损损坏服务时都失败了。随后的故障分析表明，所观察到的表面的损害是广泛的塑性变形的结果，并涂抹与表面裂纹的一个网络相关联的，而不是穿。此外，多数的支承板的已审查满足显微规格，虽然两者的碳和锰含量低于规定的限度。在碳和锰的缺陷降低
21、了合金的淬透性，并可能有必要作出了贡献为在制造过程中所用的热处理加工过程中过于严重骤冷。在今天的碳钢，也许是最通用的材料之一导致性能的世界可以被操纵，以适应任何数量的服务应用程序。结构/性质操纵的最常见的手段使用在制造过程中使用的热处理和/或表面处理。这些过程经常涉及必须以实现期望的显微结构和机械性能，甚至在合金的化学和/或处理技术的小偏差可能会导致COMPO-NENT成为不适于预定的服务精确地控制无数的变量。本文提出的分析侧重于准备-aration服务氮碳共渗被淬火，回火的成分，奥氏体的故障分析URE。尽管似乎所有的组件指定的参数的已取得的应用处理步骤的结果，组件服务期间经历失败的显著数目。
22、其中以下故障分析的主要发现，英格斯是一个组件并不一定符合规范，只是因为处理一组特定要求发言：已得到满足;常常一个人必须退后一步，而不是仅检查规定要求是否达到，但它们实现的方式可能的含意，系统蒸发散。每个支承板是一个大的组件，其包括一圆柱形的压缩块的一部分。一些支承板的服务过程中失败了，以约-imately15至20小时的平均故障前服务期。客户指定的轴承板分别被用AISI1010钢制成。该组件是成为奥氏体氮碳共渗和夹子磨砺打造一个白色的蚀刻化合物层。此近表面层的深度为要的0.0203至0.0635毫米（0.0008-0.0025英寸）的范围内，具有的0.1016毫米最小视觉热影响区（HAZ）（0
23、.004英寸）。 HAZ的硬度是成为在0.0762至0.1270毫米一个深度至少为50洛氏C（HRC）（0.003-0.005英寸）。除了失败轴承板，也进行了检查的一系列完整的轴承板，为问题的进一步表征提供一个基准。失败的轴承板的目视检查表明，似乎已造成作为服务期间环状粘着磨损的结果显著表面的损坏。的损害是支承板的中心区域内广泛和宏观表现为同心的磨损或擦伤在接触表面上。在低放大倍数的检查显示，该表面损伤是塑性变形，并沿着接触面支承板材料的涂抹的结果。裂纹扩展也被在最严重变形的区域观察到。此外，观察到表面裂纹的一个复杂的网络是轴承板的广泛。两个表面开裂和垂直传播到变形的方向上的较深的穿透裂纹，从
24、轴承板的中心径向延伸。失败的支承板的所有四个考察了相似的特性。十个“不失败”轴承板三也含有类似表面开裂;其余nonfailed轴承板覆盖有氧化皮，严重的，禁止的宏观检验。磨损的迹象也存在从一个组件，其已经包含一个失败轴承板的汽缸体的配合表面上。穿该块的接触表面上的图案是与发生故障的轴承板指出同心磨损图案一致，尽管宏观检查没有发现任何表面缸体上开裂。上支承板的受损区域的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）证实了外观检查，表明所观察到的损害是支承板材料内的局部塑性defor-形变的结果。除了塑性变形，广泛表面裂纹还用SEM观察。通过扫描电镜可用的增强放大显示，许多表面开裂是由于检查或裂纹，其特征在于，不穿透到
25、衬底中的金属部件的表面或涂层细裂纹的条件。这种类型的裂化是最经常与热处理-彪和/或热循环相关，但也可以由非均匀冷却热处理以下原因引起。所述nonfailed轴承板的扫描电子显微镜表明，若干这些轴承板还含有破解，包括没有被肉眼观察裂纹。用retempered支承板的外，所有观察到的表面上的nonfailed板开裂出现在性质上发生故障的轴承板观察到类似。就重新回火支承板裂化呈现为一系列的更小，更不连续破解，而不是缠结网络。这是有可能的retempering过程，这可能关闭先前存在表面裂纹的部分，并产生一个不连续的裂化图案的结果。五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程
26、中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手。具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的
27、意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。四大工具： 1、Google翻译： google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对
28、照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译： CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），
29、很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）： 4、有道在线翻译：翻译时的速度：这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本英汉科学技术词典，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：goo
30、gle CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。 我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，个人总结如下： 1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白（你重视的论文）；懂得其某部分讲了什么（你需要参考的部分论文），在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的
31、工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信，你可以试一试 2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索，这个过程是我们对文章再回顾，而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时，将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细，而且中英文对照写的比较详细。 3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了，万事不是说成的，它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样，你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的，一遍不行，可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。呵呵，我想我是这么觉得的。