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1、 动词动词是表示动作(study, find, swim 等)或状态(be, like, feel 等)的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态、语气变化。动词分类: 1、动词的分类:助动词、情态动词、系动词和行为动词四类。类 别意 义例 句行为动词行为动词又称实义动词,它们都含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃土豆。Im reading an English book now.我现在正看一本英文书。系动词本身有一定的词义, 但不
2、能独立作谓语, 必须和表语一起构成谓语。His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。Twins usually look the same.双胞胎通常看起来一样。The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。助动词本身没有词义, 不能独立作谓语, 只能和行为动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式, 助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。He doesnt speak English. 他不说英语。We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟
3、吗?情态动词本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.这些书你可以借两个星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗?We must go now. 我们现在得走了。(1) 实义动词: 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类:后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整, 后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时,必须先加介词后加宾语。如: My mother told
4、 me she wanted to buy some books for me. He only worried about his daughter. 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如:go, come, happen, lie, listen, rise, arrive, hall等。有些动词通常用作及物动词。如:say, raise, lay, find, buy, reach等。 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如:study, sing等。 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如:know, wash等。 有些动词常和介词、副词等一起构成固定词组, 形成短语动词。
5、如:listen to, look at, wait for(2) 系动词:联系动词含有一定意义,它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词(短语)一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类,而且有自己的特定用法。 按意义联系动词有:be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove, sit, stand, lie等,如: Jim appears very old. 表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如: It smells bad. 表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get,
6、 go, grow, turn等。如: She becomes more beautiful than three years ago. 有些系动词来源于实义动词, 意思也跟着变化:look(看看起来)、feel(感觉、摸感到)、 smell(闻、嗅闻起来)、taste(尝尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动变得)、grow(生长变得)、get(得到、到达变得)、go(去变得), 所不同的是, 作为实义动词时, 后面不能跟形容词。【注释】:become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别:become表示“变成”, 比较正式, 通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,
7、 但是更加口语化, 通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”, 常见于某些短语中, 后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”, 多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”, 常指逐渐的变化, 表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”, 指变为与原先不同的情况, 通常指颜色等变化。如:I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)He has got rich.(他变富了)He will be a scientist in the future.(将来他将成为科学家)My little b
8、rother has grown much taller in the past year.(在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了)The sandwich has gone bad.(那块三明治已经变坏)Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批评) her. (妈妈批评了她以后他的脸变红了)(3) 助动词: 常见的助动词有:用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ,用于完成时的have (has, had, having),用于将来时的shall (should), wil
9、l (would)和用于一般时的do (does, did) . 例如: It was raining all day yesterday.(昨天整天下雨。)The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.(会议是昨天下午举行的。)Does he think so? (疑问式)I didnt say anything about the result.(否定式)They do study hard.(do表示强调,意为“的确,确实”)He has lived here for three years.As soon as the sun had set the
10、y returned.I shall send ten letters to my good friend.(shall只用于第一人称的将来时态)She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.(should 是shall的过去式,构成过去将来时)助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致, 也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式, 其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall, will, should, would.(4) 情态动词: 常见的情态动词有:can (could), may (might), must, shall (should),
11、will (would), dare (dared), need等, 另外, have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。 can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中, 在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用“can”代替“may”。情态动词“can”的过去式是“could”, 否定式是“cannot”通常缩写成“cant”, “could”的否定式是“could not”,通常缩写成“couldnt”。如:Can I help you?(要帮忙吗?)He can swim.(他会游泳)That cant be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)
12、Rose can speak now, but she couldnt a week ago.【注】:be able to 也表示能力,它和can 的区别如下:l 表示做事的能力,两者可通用。但can只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如:She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.They will be able to finish the drawing soon.l 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作,只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换
13、。如:She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.l can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时,表示征求对方意见或提出请求,表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式,但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气,没有时间上的差别。如:- Could you lend me your pen?- Yes, I can. may表示允许、请求或可能性, 用may提问时, 肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes, you may.,否定回答一般用cant或mustnt. 如:May I ask you a qu
14、estion?Certainly. (可以问你一个问题吗?当然可以)You may go now.(现在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里) must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustnt;表示“一定”时, 否定形式是“cant” 如:We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)It must be Jack.(那准是杰克)I havent seen Kate today. She cant be here.(我今天没有看到过凯特,她不
15、可能在这里) 【注意】:用must(必须)进行提问时, 肯定回答用must, 否定回答用neednt;用must(一定)进行提问时, 肯定回答仍用must, 但是否定回答用cant. 如:Must we clean the room before we leave? Yes, you must.或No,you neednt.(我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗?是的,必须打扫。/ 不,不需要。) Must she be in the room? Yes, she must.或No,she cant.(她一定在房间里吗?是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。) “have to”表示“不得不”、“必须”。Wel
16、l have to leave now for it is very late at night. have to的疑问形式是:助动词+have tohave to否定形式是:助动词+not+have to或者用neednt.如:Do you have to stay until 8 oclock?(你得呆到8点钟吗?)You dont have to do so.(=You neednt do so.)(你不用这么做) shall在问句中, 可表示征求对方意见, 与第一人称连用;在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如:Shall we go to the zo
17、o this weekend?(我们这个周末去动物园好吗?)He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必须带自己的书来) should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely. (我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话) will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如:Will you please close the door for me?(请你替我把门关上好吗?)I will teach you a lesson. (我要教训你一顿) would表示过去的“意愿”、“决
18、心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home. (每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)would也可以表示现在的情况, 表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比“will”婉转、客气。在日常会话中,“我想要”通常用“I would like to”或“I should(Id) like to”来表示。如:Would you like to have a rest at the moment?(你现在想要休息一下吗?) would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如:Every year parents would tell their c
19、hildren about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母们总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事) need表示“需要”, 用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时, 在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如:He neednt do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)He needs some help.(他需要一些帮助)He doesnt need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了) dare是“敢”的意思,用法几乎与“need”完全相同,
20、即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带“to”。How dare you say I am a fool?(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜?)/ He didnt dare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮) had better (do)(“最好是”)一般也当作情态动词使用, 否定式是:had better not (do). 如:Youd better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)Youd better not speak because
21、 he is sleeping.(你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉) 【注】:问句和否定直接使用had【情态动词注意事项】:l 表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意:回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can给予直截了当的回答。如:- Might/Could I borrow your book?- Yes, you may/can.l 表示必需、必要:must和have to都有“必须”,一般情况下可互换。如:You must / have to finish the work.但他们有如下
22、区别:a) must表示说话人的主观看法;have to表示客观需要。如:I must have a talk with him.He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.b) 否定式mustnt 表示禁止,意为“不准,不可以做”;dont have to 意为“不必”。如:You mustnt hit her.You dont have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.l 表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to和表示“可能”的
23、can, could, may, might。具体用法如下:a) must表示较有把握的推测,只用于肯定句,不能用于否定句或疑问句。用法如下:对目前动作的推测,用must+动词原形。如:You must lose in the mountain.对目前状态的推测,用must + be + 表语。如:You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.b) 在肯定句中,表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形,might比may的可能性更小;对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如:The package
24、might come tomorrow.They may have killed the enemies.c) 在疑问句中,对现在表示推测用can (could) +动词原形,对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) have+过去分词;在否定句中,对现在表示推测用cant+动词原形,对过去表示推测用cant (couldnt) have+过去分词。如:It cant be John. He has gone to UK.l need的双重身份:need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词,它们的用法不同,如不注意区分,就容易用错。2、动词词形变化一览表:1) 规则动词变化表:规则变化原形动词结尾情
25、况现在时单三人称现在分词过去式和过去分词一般情况+s+ing+eds, x, ch, sh, o结尾+es+ing+ed辅音字母+y结尾yi,+es+ingyi,+ed重读闭音节一元一辅结尾+s双写辅音字母, +ing双写辅音字母,+ed不发音的e结尾+s去掉e,+ing+die结尾+siey,+ing+d不规则变化havehas;beis(无)(见不规则动词变化表)【注意发音】: 在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾, 尾音节又重读的动词, “r”应双写。 s/es的读音规则:在清辅音后读s;在浊辅音后和元音后读z;在s、z、t、d后读iz. ed的读音规则:在清辅音后读t;在浊辅音后和元
26、音后读d;在t、d后读id.2)不规则动词变化表:( 原形 过去式 过去分词)原型过去式过去分词原型过去式过去分词原型过去式过去分词be(am, is) wasbeenbe(are) werebeenbeat beatbeatenbecome becamebecomebegin beganbegunblowblewblownbreakbrokebrokenbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtcancouldcatchcaughtcaughtchoosechosechosencomecamecomecostcostcostcutcut
27、cutdigdugdugdodiddonedrawdrewdrawndrinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedriveneatateeatenfallfellfallenfeelfeltfeltfindfoundfoundflyflewflownforgetforgotforgot/forgottenfreezefrozefrozengetgotgotgivegavegivengowentgonegrowgrewgrownhanghung/hangedhung/hangedhave(has)hadhadhearheardheardhidehidhiddenhithithitholdh
28、eldheldhurthurthurtkeepkeptkeptknowknewknownlaylaidlaidlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedleaveleftleftlendlentlentletletletlielaylainloselostlostmakemademademaymightmeanmeantmeantmeetmetmetmistakemistookmistakenmustmustpaypaidpaidputputputreadreadreadrideroderiddenringrangrungriseroserisenrunranrunsa
29、ysaidsaidseesawseensellsoldsoldsendsentsentsetsetsetshallshouldshineshoneshoneshowshowedshownshutshutshutsingsangsungsinksank/sunksunk/sunkensitsatsatsleepsleptsleptsmellsmeltsmeltspeakspokespokenspendspentspentspillspiltspiltspoilspoiltspoiltstandstoodstoodsweepsweptsweptswimswamswumtaketooktakente
30、achtaughttaughttelltoldtoldthinkthoughtthoughtthrowthrewthrownunderstandunderstoodunderstoodwakewoke/wakedwoken/wakedwearworewornwillwouldwinwonwonwritewrotewitten3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化:一般现在时一般将来时现在完成时I am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.(I等各人称) will be.I am going to be He/She/It is going to be
31、We/You/They are going to beI have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.一般过去时过去将来时过去完成时I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They were.(I等各人称) would be.I was going to be He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were going to beI had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They h
32、ad been.【注意】:句型变化l 否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would后面加not, 而且not都可以缩写为nt (am后面not不可以缩写);l 疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表:现在时态一般现在时现在进行时一般将来时现在完成时谓语动词构成动词用原形(三单加s / es)(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)amis +动词-ingarewill + 动词原形amis +goi
33、ng to+动词原形arehave +过去分词has过去时态一般过去时过去进行时过去将来时过去完成时谓语动词构成动词用过去式(问句和否定句借用助词did)was +动词-ingwerewould + 动词原形was+going to+动词原形werehad +过去分词5、 八种时态的具体用法:1) 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态, 或说明主语的特征。 一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语:often, usually, sometimes, always, every (day等), once/twice, a (week等), on (Sunday等), never, in
34、 the (morning等)。如:They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意) 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如:The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快) 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情, 用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间
35、。如:The train for Haikou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车) 在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if, unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如:Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明
36、天下雨我们就只好呆在家) 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如:Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it. 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有:like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand, remember,
37、forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如:I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)2) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态, 这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常发生。 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时, 时间状语有:at (eight) (yesterday morning), (ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如:I got up at 6:00 this mo
38、rning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room, he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话) 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如:He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2
39、000年来到我们市) 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时, 时间状语有:last, in, fromto, for(10 years), often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。如:Mr. Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him. 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如:I happened to m
40、eet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)3) 一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。 一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow, this (afternoon), next (year),one day, now, soon, someday, sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。 用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称, “will”用于所有人称。如:I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You wi
41、ll stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了) “am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情, 或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如:A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ Its going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了) 表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如:I will go to
42、the lab to get some chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回来。) 现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态) shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday?(我们下周六去动物园好吗?)/ Will you please open the door for me?(替我把门打开好吗?) “be to +动词原形”表示按照计划将要发生
43、的事情。如:An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.4) 现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。 现在进行时的时间状语有: now, this , these等,但经常不用。如:What are you doing up in the tree?(你在树上干什么?)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在写一本长篇小说) 表示即将发生的动作,
44、一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有:come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如:Im coming now. (我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么?)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了) 表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净)5) 过
45、去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。 过去进行时由“was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词”构成。 过去进行时的时间状语有:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的时间状语从句。如:He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具) 用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中