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1、On the Translation of Euphemisms Between East and WestEuphemism is an effective language expression that is created when people are intent to realize the expecting results in the social communication. It is widely used in all walks of life. The utility of euphemism not only meets the need of people
2、in communication, but also plays an important role in coordinating human relationship with social relationship in the procedure of language communication. The functions of euphemism make people express idea more easily and make communication go more smoothly. This paper begins with the definition of
3、 euphemism, and points out that it has come in need of the life of social communication, and then uses substantial English language examples to analyze the five functions of English euphemism including functions of taboo, politeness, concealing, positive and praising. From the observation, it is und
4、erstood that euphemism, especially English euphemism, can bring people to the successful process of social communication, and can beautify languages, which will ease people tense relationship with the indirect and concealing expressions. However, when it comes to its translation, there are several p
5、oints that we should pay attention to. First, the English slang translation of euphemisms, slang euphemism in proportion is relatively large. The emergence of euphemism, often in life when people contacts, people appear awkward and hard to tell whether or easily hurt the feelings of the occasion, pe
6、ople consciously avoided a direct hit, but with more modest, yet elegant image of the word, twist express their views, opinions and emotions. This expression is frequently encountered in Chinese, and sometimes in English for the very same semantics with the same or similar expression. Thus making Tr
7、anslation, may be the same translation. Second, the English slang spell on gambling translation in English and Chinese languages, all with a swear, swear, swear to pray for the expression of stress, evil monks, dissatisfied with the hope that such emotional words. However, it is noteworthy that swea
8、r words have meaning, more often than not its literal meaning. Therefore, the translation should be used free translation approach. In the translation process, it is necessary to retain its original meaning, but also very different cultural backgrounds, according to foreign customs and language, tra
9、nslation adjustments; it can better meet their peoples habits. From the following examples, you can glimpse the translation adjustment of the original slang. Third, the English language translation of vulgar slang phrase generally refers to the so-called vulgar insulting, rude words unbearable human
10、 ear, and its actual meaning is not expressed in its literal meaning. Its purpose is to use vulgar words to vent their discontent, worry, surprise and contempt, and so intense emotional protest. Therefore, the translation of such terms should be especially cautious and discreet. Despite the fact tha
11、t the world is becoming a global village, translation remains a major way for languages and cultures to interact and influence each other. And name translation, especially government name translation, occupies a quite significant place in international exchange. It is generally accepted that transla
12、tion, not as a separate entity, blooms into flower under such circumstances like culture, societal functions, politics and power relations. Nowadays, the filed of translation studies is immersed with abundantly diversified translation standards, with no exception that some of them are presented by r
13、enowned figures and are rather authoritative. In the translation practice, however, how should we select the so-called translation standards to serve as our guidelines in the translation process and how should we adopt the translation standards to evaluate a translation product? In the macro - conte
14、xt of flourish of linguistic theories, theorists in the translation circle, keep to the golden law of the principle of equivalence. The theory of Translation Equivalence is the central issue in western translation theories. And the presentation of this theory gives great impetus to the development a
15、nd improvement of translation theory. Its not difficult for us to discover that it is the theory of Translation Equivalence that serves as guidelines in government name translation in China. Name translation, as defined, is the replacement of the name in the source language by an equivalent name or
16、other words in the target language. Translating Chinese government names into English, similarly, is replacing the Chinese government name with an equivalent in English. Metaphorically speaking, translation is often described as a moving trajectory going from A to B along a path or a container to ca
17、rry something across from A to B. This view is commonly held by both translation practitioners and theorists in the West. In this view, they do not expect that this trajectory or something will change its identity as it moves or as it is carried. In China, to translate is also understood by many peo
18、ple normally as“ to translate the whole text sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph, without any omission, addition, or other changes. In both views, the source text and the target text must be “the same”. This helps explain the etymological source for the term “translation equivalence”. It
19、 is in essence a word which describes the relationship between the ST and the TT. Equivalence means the state or fact or property of being equivalent. It is widely used in several scientific fields such as chemistry and mathematics. Therefore, it comes to have a strong scientific meaning that is rat
20、her absolute and concise. Influenced by this, translation equivalence also comes to have an absolute denotation though it was first applied in translation study as a general word. From a linguistic point of view, it can be divided into three sub-types, i.e., formal equivalence, semantic equivalence,
21、 and pragmatic equivalence. In actual translation, it frequently happens that they can not be obtained at the same time, thus forming a kind of relative translation equivalence in terms of quality. In terms of quantity, sometimes the ST and TT are not equivalent too. Absolute translation equivalence
22、 both in quality and quantity, even though obtainable, is limited to a few cases.Euphemism is a kind of linguistic phenomena. Since different societies, different histories and cultures produce different euphemisms, euphemisms can reflect history, culture and customs of a nation from a unique angle.
23、 There are certain realistic meanings to the correct understanding the translation of euphemism and its usages. More figures of speech are used in English reports in order to enhance the literariness of sports games, like metaphor, euphemism, personification and exaggeration. Modern society, the ori
24、ginal euphemism still in use, and because of new social problems continue to increase, the new euphemism is constantly generated. We should also notice the usage in them. 关于两种文化委婉语中的翻译问题委婉语是人们在社会交际过程中,为了实现预期的交际效果而创造出的一种有效的言语表达方式。委婉语的使用是一种普遍存在的现象,它广泛应用于社会各阶层以及各个领域,它不仅是人们在社交的需要,更是言语交际中协调人际关系和社会关系的重要手段
25、。它具有的社交功能使人们更能自如地表达思想,使交流轻松愉快的进行。本文先从委婉语的定义出发,指出委婉语是适应社会交际生活需要而产生的,然后应用了大量的实例,结合特定的英语语境深入分析英语委婉语的五种社交功能,即:禁忌避讳功能,礼貌功能,掩饰功能,积极功能,褒扬功能。通过分析, 我们进一步理解了委婉语, 尤其是英语委婉语,它用婉转含蓄的表达美化了语言,使人们的社交生活更为和谐。但当谈到其翻译时，有几点我我们需要注意。第一，英语俚语中关于委婉语的翻译，委婉语在俚语中所占的比重是比较大的。委婉语的出现，往往是生活中人们交往时，出现使人难堪、令人难以启齿或易伤感情的场合，人们有意识回避直接触及，而是采
26、用比较温和、文雅而又形象的语词，曲折地表达出自己的观点、看法和情感。这种表达方式，在汉语中也是经常碰到的，而且有时中英文对于同一语义有着相同或相似的表达方式。因而在进行英汉互译时，可作同等的翻译第二，英语俚语中关于赌咒语的翻译，在英汉两种语言中，都有用赌咒、发誓、起誓来表达强调、僧恶、不满、希望等情绪的词语。但是，值得注意的是，赌咒词语所表达的含义，往往不是其字面意思。因此，在翻译时应采用意译的方式。在翻译的过程中，既要保留其原来的意思，也要根据中外不同的文化背景和语言习惯，进行翻译上的调整，使其更符合本国人的习惯。从以下实例中，可以窥其翻译中对原俚语的调整。第三，英语俚语中粗俗语的翻译，所谓
27、粗俗语一般是指侮辱性的、不堪人耳的粗暴词语，它的实际意思并不是其字面所表达的意思。它的目的是用粗俗的词语来发泄自己的不满、烦恼、气愤、惊奇及蔑视和抗议等等激烈的情绪。因此，翻译这一类词语时应尤为谨慎和持重。尽管全世界渐渐成为一个地球村，翻译仍然是语言和文化之间交流互动，相互影响的主要方式之一。而名称的翻译，尤其是政府机构名称的翻译，更是其中重要的一环。翻译，并不是一个单一的个体，它只有在文化，社会职能，政治和权力关系的情境下进行才能开枝散叶，这一点已普遍为人们所接受。而今，翻译研究领域充斥着大量五花八门的翻译标准，毫无例外，有些是由名人名家提出的，具有相当的权威性和影响力。然而在翻译实践中，应
28、如何选择所谓的“翻译标准”为我们的翻译把关？又应采取何种翻译标准来评价一份翻译的好坏？在语言学理论蓬勃发展的大背景下，翻译学界的理论学家们坚守着“对等原则”的黄金定律。翻译对等论是西方翻译理论的核心学说。这个理论的出现给翻译理论的发展和进步注入了极大的动力。我们不难发现，在中国，正是翻译对等论在扮演着英译政府机构名称时的指导准则。名称翻译的定义是用目的语的对等名或其他词语来替换源语的名称。相似地，中国政府机构名称的英译则是用英文中的对等名来替换政府机构的中文名称。打个比方，人们常常将翻译形容为一个移动的轨道。它沿着一条小径或穿过一个容器将某些信息由A处传达至B处。西方的翻译从业者和理论学家们普
29、遍认同这一比喻。他们认为在信息移动或传递的过程中，这个轨道似的东西并不会改变信息本身的身份特征。许多中国人通常也将翻译理解为“逐句逐段地翻译整篇文章，不得省略，添加，或有任何改动。中西方的两种观点都认为源语文本和目的语文本必须完全相同。这恰恰说明了“翻译对等论”的词源。从本质上讲，这个词描述了源语文本和目的语文本之间的关系。对等是指两者相等的状态，事实或性质。这个词广泛应用于诸如化学，数学之类的科学领域。因此，它逐渐带上了浓厚的科学意味，绝对而准确。受其影响，翻译对等原则也逐渐拥有了绝对的指示意义，而一开始它是作为类别词被应用于翻译研究的。从语言学的角度可以将其分为三类，即，形式对等，语义对等
30、和语用对等。在实际的翻译实践中经常发生这种情况，三类对等并不能同时实现，因此从翻译质量方面看对等只是相对的。从翻译数量方面看，源语文本和目的语文本有时也不是相等的。翻译质量和数量的绝对对等虽然可以实现，也仅仅局限于少数特例。委婉语是英汉两种语言共有的语言现象，作为人类语言使用过程中的一种普遍现象，委婉语从独特的角度反映了一个民族的历史文化、风俗习惯。对正确理解怎样翻译和使用委婉语有一定的现实意义。英文报道中多使用修辞来增加体育报道的文学性，如暗喻、委婉语、拟人和夸张。现代社会里，原有的委婉语仍在使用，并且由于新的社会问题不断增加，新的委婉语也在不断产生。我们也应该注意其中翻译技巧的用法。 篇一
31、：英语名言警句学习(带中文翻译)英语名言警句a bad conscience is a snake in ones heart.做贼心虚。a bad workman quarrels with his tools.拙匠常怨工具差。a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。a bird is known by its note, and a man by his talk.闻其歌知其鸟，听其言知其人。a blind man who leans against a wall imagines that its the bounda
32、ry of the world.坐井观天。absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it.相聚爱益切，离别情更深。a burnt child dreads the fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。accidents will happen.天有不测风云。a clean hand wants no washing.身正不怕影子斜。a clear conscience is a soft pillow.问心无愧，高枕无忧。a clear conscience is a sure card.光明磊落，胜券在握。a clear conscience la
33、ughs at false accusations.白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。a clear fast is better than a dirty breakfast.宁为清贫，不为浊富。a close mouth catches no flies.病从口入，祸从口出。a cock is valiant on his own dunghill.夜郎自大。同仇敌忾。a contented mind is perpetual feast.知足常乐。actions speak louder than words.事实胜於雄辩。admonish your friends in private,
34、 praise them in public.在私底下要忠告你的朋友，在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。a fair face may hide a foul heart.人不可貌相。a faithful friend is hard to find.益友难得。a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。否极泰来。after black clouds, clear weather.否极泰来。after death, the doctor.放马后炮。a good appetite is a good sauce.饥不择食。a good example
35、is the best sermon.身教胜似言教。好的相貌就是一封推荐的介绍信。a good fame is better than a good face.好的名望胜於好的相貌。a good friend is my nearest relation.良友如近亲。a good marksman may miss.智者千虑，必有一失。a good maxim is never out of season.至理名言不会过时。a good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口，忠言逆耳。a good winter brings a good summer.瑞雪兆丰年。a hap
36、py heart makes a blooming visage.心花怒放，笑逐颜开。a hero is known in the time of misfortune.时势造英雄。a lazy youth, a lousy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。ale will make a cat speak.酒后吐真言。a little is better than none.聊胜於无。a little leak will sink a great ship.千丈之堤溃於蚁穴。a little neglect may breed great mischief.小不忍则乱大谋。a little
37、spark kindles a great fire.星星之火，可以燎原。a little wind kindles, much puts out the fire.适可而止，过犹不及。all covet, all lose.贪多必失。all is fair in war.兵不厌诈。all is not gold that glitters.闪光的东西并不都是黄金。all roads lead to rome.条条道路通罗马。all shall be well, jack shall have jill.有情人终成眷属。all the treasures of the earth would
38、not bring back one lost moment.机会失去不再来，千贯万贯难赎回。all things are easy that are done willingly.做事乐意，诸事容易。all things are obedient to money.有钱能使鬼推磨。a maiden with many wooers often chooses the worst.少女有了许多求婚者往往选中了最差的一个。a man apt to promise is apt to forget.轻诺者易忘。a man can not spin and reel at the same time
39、.一心不能二用。a man cannot whistle and drink at he same time.一心不能二用。a man has two ears and one mouth that he may hear much and speak little.人有两只耳朵一张嘴，就是为了多听少说话。路遥知马力，日久见人心。a man may dig his grave with his teeth.祸从口出。a man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make him drink.牵马到河易，强马饮水难。a man may lo
40、ve his house well without riding on the ridge.有宝何必人前夸。a match will set fire to a large building.星星之火，可以燎原。ambition never dies until there is no way out.不到黄河心不死a miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里。among the blind the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。a near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsma
41、n.远亲不如近邻。an enemys mouth seldom speaks well.狗嘴里吐不出象牙。祸不单行。a new broom sweeps clean.新官上任三把火。an hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.一日之计在於晨。an old physician, and a young lawyer.医生年老的好，律师年轻的俏。an optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity
42、. 乐观的人在灾难中看到希望；悲观的人在希望中看到灾难。an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.预防胜於治疗。answer a fool according to his folly.以其人之道，还治其人之身。a penny saved is a penny earned.省钱就是赚钱。apparel makes the man.马靠鞍装，人靠衣装。appearances are deceitful.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。a road of a thousand miles begins with one step.千里之行始於足下。
43、a rolling stone gathers no moss.滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。as a man sows, so he shall reap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。a secret between more than two is no secret.两人以上知道的秘密就不算秘密。a servant is known by his masters absence.主人不在可以看出仆人的品行来。a silent tongue and true heart are the most admirable things on earth.缄默的嘴，真诚的心，是世界上最令人赞美的东西。a sin
44、gle spark can start a prairie fire.星星之火，可以燎原。a smart coat is a good letter of introduction.人要衣装，佛要金装。a smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.平静的海洋练不出熟练的水手。a sow, when washed; returns to the muck.江山易改，本性难移。as the old cock crows, so doth the young.有其父必有其子。as the touchstone tries gold, so gold tries
45、 man.试金石可以试金，正如黄金可以试人。as the tree falls, so shall it lie.自作自受。as they sow, so let them reap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。a still tongue makes a wise head.智者寡言。a stitch in time saves nine.小洞不补，大洞吃苦。a straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.身正不怕影子斜。a straw shows which way the wind blows.一叶便知秋。a stumble may prevent
46、 a fall.小惩大诫。as you make your bed so you must lie on it.自食其果。as you sow you shall mow.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。a tall tree catches the wind.树大招风。a tree is known by its fruit.观其行而知其人。a true friend is known in the day of adversity.疾风知劲草，患难知友情。avarice blinds our eyes.财迷心窍。avarice increases with wealth.越富越贪。a wanderer
47、 who is determined to reach his destination does not fear the rain. 决心赶到目的地，浪汉何惧雨来淋。a watched pot is long in boiling.心急水不沸。a wilful man will have his way.有志者是竟成。a word spoken is an arrow let fly.一言既出，驷马难追。a word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，驷马难追。bad workmen often blame their tools.拙匠常怪工具差。beauty is
48、 but skin-deep.红颜易变。beauty is in the eye of the gazer.情人眼里出西施。beauty lies in lovers eyes.情人眼里出西施。bees that have honey in their mouths have stings in their tails.口蜜腹剑。before gold, even kings take off their hats.有钱能使鬼推磨。beggars cannot be choosers.饥不择食。beggars must be no choosers.饥不择食。塞翁失马，焉知非福。be honest rather clever.诚实比聪明更要紧。being on sea, sail; being on land, settle.随遇而安。be just to all, but trust not all.要公正对待所有的人，