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1、A Course on Linguistics for Students of EnglishLinguistics: A New Coursebook新编语言学教程新编语言学教程The Goals for this CourseThe Goals for this Course To get a scientific view on language;To get a scientific view on language; To understand some basic theories on linguistics;To understand some basic theories o
2、n linguistics; To understand the applications of the linguistic To understand the applications of the linguistic theories, especially in the fields of language theories, especially in the fields of language teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cultural teaching & learning (SLA or TEFL), cross-cu
3、ltural communicationcommunication; ; To prepare for the future research work. To prepare for the future research work. 语言学学习应注意的方面：语言学学习应注意的方面： 1) 1) 术语问题术语问题 2 2）语言学理论问题）语言学理论问题 3 3）语言学研究方法问题）语言学研究方法问题 4 4）语言学研究名家）语言学研究名家 5 5）学习习惯问题）学习习惯问题Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction I I Linguistics
4、 Linguistics 1. 1. Definition of linguisticsDefinition of linguistics 2. Linguistics and traditional grammar2. Linguistics and traditional grammar 3. Use of studying linguistics 3. Use of studying linguistics 4. Scope of linguistics4. Scope of linguistics II Language II Language 1. Why Study Languag
5、e?1. Why Study Language? 2. Definitions of language2. Definitions of language 3. Origin of language 3. Origin of language 4. Design Features of Language4. Design Features of Language 5. Functions of language5. Functions of language Some major concepts in linguistics Some major concepts in linguistic
6、s 1. Definition of Linguistics1. Definition of Linguistics Linguistics is the Linguistics is the scientific or systematic scientific or systematic study of languagestudy of language (p.1). (p.1). 语言学常被定义为一门关于语言的科学或对语言学常被定义为一门关于语言的科学或对语言的科学研究。语言的科学研究。 A person who studies linguistics is known A perso
7、n who studies linguistics is known as aas a linguist linguist. . 1)Four principles of linguistic studies(P1)1)Four principles of linguistic studies(P1) Exhaustiveness/adequacy Exhaustiveness/adequacy （穷尽性）：（穷尽性）：use use adequate samples in the study.adequate samples in the study. The linguists shoul
8、d gather all the materials The linguists should gather all the materials relevant to his investigation and give them an relevant to his investigation and give them an adequate explanation. adequate explanation. If he leaves many facts undiscussed or unexplained, If he leaves many facts undiscussed o
9、r unexplained, his study will not be regarded as exhaustive and his his study will not be regarded as exhaustive and his conclusions will not be accepted as scientific.conclusions will not be accepted as scientific. Consistency Consistency （一致性）：（一致性）：keep the rules keep the rules consistent in the
10、study of a language. There consistent in the study of a language. There should be should be no contradictionno contradiction between different between different parts of the total statement.parts of the total statement. Economy Economy （简洁性、经济性）：（简洁性、经济性）：rule out the rule out the redundancy, redund
11、ancy, make key partmake key part stand out in language stand out in language description or language analysis. Other things description or language analysis. Other things being equal, being equal, a short statement or analysis is a short statement or analysis is preferredpreferred to a longer or mor
12、e complex one. to a longer or more complex one. ObjectivityObjectivity（客观性）：（客观性）：describe a language describe a language as it is.as it is. A linguist should be as objective as possible in A linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis of data and cannot his descripti
13、on and analysis of data and cannot allow prejudice to influence his allow prejudice to influence his generalizations.generalizations.2) Two purposes (p.2)2) Two purposes (p.2)a. Linguistics studies the nature of language in a. Linguistics studies the nature of language in order to order to establish
14、 a theoryestablish a theory of language and of language and describes languagesdescribes languages in the light of the theory in the light of the theory established.established.b. Linguistics examines b. Linguistics examines all the forms of languageall the forms of language in in general and seeks
15、a scientific understanding of the general and seeks a scientific understanding of the ways in which it is organized to fulfill the needs it ways in which it is organized to fulfill the needs it serves and the functions it performs in human life. serves and the functions it performs in human life. 2.
16、 The difference between linguistics and 2. The difference between linguistics and traditional grammar (P2-3)traditional grammar (P2-3)Traditional grammar, as a pre-20th century Traditional grammar, as a pre-20th century language description and pre-linguistic product language description and pre-lin
17、guistic product of research, was based upon earlier grammars of of research, was based upon earlier grammars of Latin or Greek (e.g. English had six cases because Latin or Greek (e.g. English had six cases because Latin had six cases) , and laid emphasisLatin had six cases) , and laid emphasis onon
18、correctnesscorrectness, , literaryliterary excellenceexcellence, the use of , the use of LatinLatin modelsmodels, and the , and the prioritypriority ofof writtenwritten languagelanguage. . 2. Linguistics vs. Traditional GrammarA. Linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive.A linguist is interested
19、in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said. He describes language in all its aspects, but does not p r e s c r i b e r u l e s o f c o r r e c t n e s s . H e d o e s not believe that there i s s o m e absolute standard of correctnessconcerning language use. Instead, he would prefer to be
20、an observer and recorder of facts, but not a judge. Traditional grammar was very strongly normative in character. The grammarian saw it as his task to formulate t h e s t a n d a r d s o f correctness and to i m p o s e t h e s e , i f necessary, upon the s p e a k e r s o f t h e language.B.Linguis
21、tics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.c) Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. Traditional grammar - Traditional grammar - prescriptive, prescriptive, written, Latin-based frameworkwritten, Latin-based fr
22、amework 规定性的、规定性的、书面语的，放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架书面语的，放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内内 Modern linguistics - Modern linguistics - descriptive, spoken, descriptive, spoken, not necessarily Latin-based frameworknot necessarily Latin-based framework 描描述性的、口头语的，不强行放进一个拉丁述性的、口头语的，不强行放进一个拉丁语为基础的框架内语为基础的框架内Weakpoints of Traditional Gram
23、mar1. 规定语言学家在判断语言的正确与否时常从逻辑学的角度加以观察，但是却忽视了语言在受一般逻辑规律支配的同时，又有自身的规律，使得语言规律与逻辑规律既有相似性又有相异性。以双重否定为例。从逻辑学的角度来看，否定之否定就是肯定。正因如此，规定语法学家认为： I didnt do nothing.正确的解释为: It is not true that I did nothing.或 I did something.但是，英语使用的现实却是这两种相互矛盾的语义都存在。语义的区别是通过语言的语音规律加以实现的。在前者， “didnt”重读，而后者 “didnt不重读 。再看下列例句： All t
24、he children didnt sleep (All the children failed to sleep.) All the children didnt sleep. (Not all the children failed to sleep.)这两个话语在语义上的差异也是违反了传统逻辑规律。语音规律的介入很好地解决了这一问题： All the children didnt sleep. (重音落在sleep上，且使用降调) All the children didnt sleep.（重音落在all上，且使用降升调）事实上，这种突破一般逻辑规律的现象在其它语言中也时常可见。以汉语为
25、例： 今天街上好热闹。 今天街上好不热闹。再看汉语中的“差点儿”和“差点儿没”两个表达法： 他差点儿摔倒了。 他差点儿没摔倒。 我差点儿通过了考试。 我差点儿没通过考试。如果用“差点儿”和“差点儿没”去修饰说话人希望实现的事情，那么“差点儿”含有惋惜希望的事情未能实现，而“差点儿没”是指庆幸希望的事情发生了。 2. There are no absolute standards of correctness in language uses. 秋浦歌 白发三千丈， 缘愁似个长。 不知明镜里， 何处得秋霜。 单看“白发三千丈”一句，真叫人无法理解：白发怎么能有“三千丈”呢？愁生白发，人所共晓，而
26、长达三千丈，该有多少深重的愁思。十个字的千钧重量落在一个“愁”字上。以此写愁，匪夷所思。奇想出奇句，不能不使人惊叹诗人的气魄和笔力。3. Use of studying linguistics (pp.3-4)3. Use of studying linguistics (pp.3-4)1) To have an 1) To have an overviewoverview of human language; of human language;2) To understand that human languages have 2) To understand that human lan
27、guages have important features in common though they important features in common though they differ greatly in many detailsdiffer greatly in many details; ;3) To go along the path leading to the final 3) To go along the path leading to the final profession either as a profession either as a teacher
28、teacher of foreign of foreign languages or as a languages or as a researcherresearcher of linguistics or of linguistics or translation (p.4)translation (p.4)4. Scope of linguistics (pp.4-8)4. Scope of linguistics (pp.4-8)1) microlinguistics VS macrolinguistics1) microlinguistics VS macrolinguistics
29、Micro Microlinguistics: linguistics: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics.Pragmatics. These branches are at the very These branches are at the very centercenter of linguistic scope. of linguistic scope. Macro Macrolingui
30、stics: linguistics: Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Neurolinguistics, Stylistics, Discourse analysis , Computational linguistics , Stylistics, Discourse analysis , Computational linguistics , Cognitive linguistics Cognitive linguistics Thes
31、e branches are related to something that is not at the These branches are related to something that is not at the center of linguistic scope. center of linguistic scope. 2) Linguistics classified from different perspectives2) Linguistics classified from different perspectives functional functional l
32、inguistics VS linguistics VS formalformal linguistics linguistics the former stresses the function of language and the the former stresses the function of language and the latter stresses the form of languagelatter stresses the form of language theoreticaltheoretical linguistics VS linguistics VS ap
33、pliedapplied linguistics linguistics the former studies the the former studies the “purepure” theory in language theory in language and the latter studies how to apply the theory and the latter studies how to apply the theory Theoretical linguisticsTheoretical linguistics1. 1.Phonetics Phonetics 语音学
34、语音学2.2.Phonology Phonology 音系学音系学3.3.MorphologyMorphology形态学形态学4.4.Syntax Syntax 句法学句法学5.5.Semantics Semantics 语义学语义学Use of linguisticsUse of linguistics1. 1.Applied linguistics Applied linguistics 应用语应用语言学言学2.2.Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics 社会语言社会语言学学3.3.Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics 心理语言
35、心理语言学学 corpuscorpus linguistics linguisticslinguistic description based linguistic description based on the extensive accumulation of naturally on the extensive accumulation of naturally occurring language data and its analysis by occurring language data and its analysis by computerscomputers语料库语言学语
36、料库语言学 forensic forensic linguisticslinguisticsthe examination of the examination of linguistic evidence for legal purposes linguistic evidence for legal purposes 法律语言法律语言学学 mathematical mathematical linguisticslinguisticsthe study of the the study of the mathematical properties of languagemathematic
37、al properties of language数学语言数学语言学学 anthropological anthropological linguisticslinguisticsthe study of the study of language in cross-cultural settingslanguage in cross-cultural settings人类语言学人类语言学 3) Recent developments of linguistics:3) Recent developments of linguistics: Corpus linguistics, Corpus
38、 linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Cognitive linguistics, Cognitive linguistics, Computational linguistics, Computational linguistics, Mathematical linguisticsMathematical linguistics II Language II Language 1. Why Study Language?1. Why Study Language? finding out more about how t
39、he finding out more about how the brain works;brain works; How children learn language; How children learn language; What the relationship between What the relationship between meaning and perception is;meaning and perception is; What role of language is in What role of language is in different cult
40、ures;different cultures; Fundamental views about languageFundamental views about language Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction.without instruction. Language operates by rules.Language operates
41、by rules. All languages have three major components: a sound All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexico-grammar and a system of system, a system of lexico-grammar and a system of semantics.semantics. Everyone speaks a dialect.Everyone speaks a dialect. Language slo
42、wly changes.Language slowly changes. Speakers of all languages employ a range of styles and a set Speakers of all languages employ a range of styles and a set of jargons.of jargons. Languages are intimately related to the societies and Languages are intimately related to the societies and individual
43、s who use them.individuals who use them. 2. What is Language?Language Language “is not to be confused with is not to be confused with human speech which is only a definite human speech which is only a definite part, though certainly an essential one. It part, though certainly an essential one. It is
44、 both a social product of the faculty of is both a social product of the faculty of speech and a collection of necessary speech and a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to social body to permit ind
45、ividuals to exercise that facultyexercise that faculty”. .-Ferdinand de Saussure (-Ferdinand de Saussure (索绪尔：索绪尔：1857-1857-1913)1913)“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.”-Edward Sapir (萨丕尔萨丕尔 ，1
46、884-1939):“From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”-Noam Chomsky (诺姆诺姆乔姆斯基乔姆斯基， 1928- ) 语言是人类特有的一种符号系统语言是人类特有的一种符号系统。当作用于人与人的关系的时候。当作用于人与人的关系的时候，它是表达相互反应的中介；当，它是表达相互反应的中介；当作用于人与客观世界的关系的
47、时作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候，它是认知事物的工具；当作候，它是认知事物的工具；当作用于文化的时候，它是文化信息用于文化的时候，它是文化信息的载体。的载体。 （许国璋（许国璋中国大百科全书中国大百科全书 语言文字语言文字）A generally acceptable definition: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是一个具有语言是一个具有任意性任意性用于用于人类人类交流的交流的语音符语音符号系统号系统Language is a systemLanguage
48、is a system SystemicSystemic- rule-governed, elements - rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain in it are arranged according to certain rules; canrules; cant be combined at will.t be combined at will. e.g. e.g. * *bkli, bkli, * *I apple eat.I apple eat. 语言是一个系统，语言的要素是根据语言是一个系
49、统，语言的要素是根据规则组合在一起的。规则组合在一起的。Language is arbitraryLanguage is arbitrary ArbitraryArbitrary- no intrinsic connection - no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. denotes, e.g. “penpen” by any other name is by any other name is the thing we
50、 use to write with.the thing we use to write with. 语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有内在的必然的联系内在的必然的联系. . “pen”“other name” By saying that “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection between meanings and .考研链接中山大学中山大学2003年考题年考题soundLanguage is primarily vocalLanguage is prima