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1、非谓语动词概述在句子中充当除谓语动词以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括不定式（to do）,动名词（-ing），现在分词（-ing），过去分词（-ed）。他们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语动词，但是可以充当句子的其他成分 ，并且有时态和语态的变化，所以要正确使用非谓语形式，一定要理解不同形式所表现的意义，要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动”关系，所表示的动作是“过去”，“现在”，还是“将来”，以及和谓语动词所表现的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。 内容形式动词不定式（to do）动名词（doing）现在分词（doing）过去分词（done）意义1
2、.相当于名词、形容词、副词2.含有将来的意思1.相当于名词2.含有经常性，习惯性的意思1.相当于形容词、副词2.含有主动、现在、进行的意思1.相当于形容词、副词2.含有被动、完成的意思句子成分主语宾语表语定语状语宾语补足语主语宾语表语定语表语定语状语宾语补足语表语定语状语宾语补足语不定式1、 不定式的句法功能1. 不定式做主语To see is to believe眼见为实To work means to earn a living 工作就是为了谋生Tip:不定式做主语，太长的时候，通常用形式主语it来代替。It is impossible for us to live without cle
3、an water.没有干净的水，我们是不可能生存的（it来代替to live without clean water）2. 不定式做宾语We need to take measures to prevent people from damaging environment.我们应该采取措施阻止人们破坏环境I want to watch TV.我想看电视3. 不定式做表语（说明主语的内容、性质、特征）主语通常是表意向、打算、计划的词，如：wish,idea,task,purpose,duty,dream,aim等，常用to do 不定式做表语My dream is to be a teacher
4、.我的梦想是成为一名老师My duty is to take good care of my little sister.我的责任就是照顾我的妹妹4. 不定式做定语（后置定语，来修饰名词）常见不定式做后置定语的词：way,ability,chance,time,place,the first,the second,the only,the last 等I have a lot of homework to do .我有许多作业要做He is the first to come and the last to leave.他是第一个来的，最后一个走的She has enough money to
5、 buy a computer.她有足够的钱买一台电脑5. 不定式做宾补（V+sb to do sth）My mother tells me to do my homework first.我的妈妈告诉我要先做作业He invited us to go for a picnic last weekend.上周末他邀请我们去野餐6. 不定式做状语（状语是用来修饰动词的）（1）做目的状语I come here to tell you that I have finished doing my homework.我来是为了告诉你我的作业已经写完了（to tell you.做目的状语）He bough
6、t a bag of food to eat他买了一包食物吃（to eat 做目的状语）（2） 做结果状语He got to the station,only to find the train has already left .他到达车站，发现火车已经离开了（火车离开是结果状语）He is too young to go to school.他太小了而不能上学（不能去上学是结果 ）（3） 原因状语I am sorry to hear that you lost your wallet.听说你的钱包丢了我很难过（难过的原因是钱包丢了）They were excited to hear the
7、 news.他们听到这个消息很激动（激动的原因是听到了消息）2、 接不定式作宾语的动词（V+to do sth）afford（支付得起）,agree（同意）,aks（要求）choose（选择）,continue（继续），decide（决定）dare（敢于）,expect（期望）,fail（失败）help（帮助）,hope（希望）,learn（学）,like（喜欢）manage（成功）,offer（提供）plan（计划）prepare（准备）,promise（承诺）,prefer（更喜欢）refuse（拒绝）,want（想要）,wish（希望）3、 接不定式作宾补的动词（V+sb to do s
8、th）tell,ask,want,wish,warn,teach,expect,encourage,allow,advise,remind,require,request,permit,persuade,order,need,leave,invite,hate,force,command,beg等tell sb to do sth告诉某人做某事ask sb to do sth询问某人做某事want sb to do sth想要某人做某事wish sb to do sth希望某人做某事warn sb to do sth警告某人做某事teach sb to do sth教某人做某事expect s
9、b to do sth希望某人做某事encourage sb to do sth鼓励某人做某事allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事advise sb to do sth建议某人做某事remind sb to do sth提醒某人做某事require sb to do sth要求某人做某事request sb to do sth要求某人做某事permit sb to do sth允许某人做某事persuade sb to do sth说服某人做某事order sb to do sth命令某人做某事need sb to do sth需要某人做某事leave sb to do sth留
10、下某人做某事invite sb to do sth邀请某人做某事hate sb to do sth讨厌某人做某事force sb to do sth强迫某人做某事command sb to do sth命令某人做某事beg sb to do sth 乞求某人做某事4、 不带to的动词不定式（1） 感官动词hear,see,watch,notice,feel等后跟不带to的不定式感官动词+sb+do sth表示：动作的全过程感官动词+sb+doing sth表示：动作正在进行（2） 使役动词make,let,have（使，让）+ sb do sth 让某人做某事。但是在被动语态中不定式的to不能
11、省略Eg:My mother made me do homework.（变被动）I was made to do homework by my mother.（3） 其他省略不定式to的搭配had better（最好.）,would rather.than（宁愿.而不源.）,cant but（不得不）do nothing but.只做，why not.为什么不.Eg:You had better finish your homework on time.你最好按时完成作业I would rather play football than watch TV.我宁愿踢足球也不愿看电视I cant
12、but stop him eating.我不得不阻止他吃东西I can do nothing but read books.除了读书我什么也干不了Why not go swimming.为什么不去游泳呢（4） 两个以及以上的动词不定式并列使用时，第一个不定式to保留，其余的to都可省略Eg:I want to sing and dance.我想唱歌跳舞They invite us to eat and drink.他们邀请我们吃、喝5、 to do 不定式的经典句型（1） too.to.（太.而不能）=not.enough to doHe is too young to take care o
13、f himself.他太小了而不能照顾自己=He is not old enough to take care of himself.（2） Its+adj+for/of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事很.当形容词是描述事情（sth）的时候要用foreasy,difficult,interesting,important,impossible,possible,necessary等当形容词描述人（sb）的时候要用ofkind,good,nice,polite,rude,patient,careful,careless（3） Its +n+to do sth做某事很.Its grea
14、t fun to play here.在这玩很开心Its my dream to live with my parents我的梦想的是和我的父母住在一起（4） Sb+adj+to do sth某人做某事很.（常见形容词happy,glad,sorry,excited）I am happy to see you.见到你很高兴He was excited to hear the news.他听到这个消息很开心（5） Sb find/think/believe it +adj +to do sth某人发现/认为/相信做某事很.He finds it interesting to learn Engl
15、ish.他发现学英语很有兴趣I believe it necessary to finish our homework.我相信完成作业是很有必要的动名词1、 动名词的句法功能1. 动名词做主语（动名词做主语谓语动词用单三）Reading books is one of his hobbies.读书是他的爱好之一Watching too much TV does harm to our eyes.看太多电视对我们的眼睛不好Getting up early is good for our health.早起对我们的身体健康有好处2. 动名词做宾语He likes dancing他喜欢跳舞They
16、enjoy having English class.他们喜欢上英语课3. 动名词做表语（说明主语的内容、动作。主语和表语可以互换） My favourite is swimming.=Swimming is my favourite.我最喜爱的是游泳His hobby is collecting stamps。=Collecting stamps is his hobby.他的爱好是收集邮票4. 动名词做定语（说明所修饰名词的性质、用途）You can have a rest in the waiting room .你可以在等候室休息一下（a room for waiting）We hav
17、e a reading room in our school.在我们学校有一个阅读室（a room for reading）2、 后只加动名词的动词和搭配1. 动词admit（承认）,advise（建议）suggest（建议）,allow（允许）appreciate（感谢）,aviod（避免）consider（考虑）,enjoy（享受）finish（完成），delay（推迟）deny（否认），miss（想念，错过）keep（保持）practise（练习）2. 搭配be used to doing sth习惯于做某事be interested in doing对做.感兴趣be busy doin
18、g sth 忙于做某事be good at doing stht 擅长做某事be worth doing sth某事值得做cant help doing sth 禁不止做某事give up doing sth 放弃做某事put off doing sth 推迟做某事feel like doing想要做某事have fun doing sth 做某事有乐趣have difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing sth做某事有困难look forward to doing sth期待做某事pay attention to doing sth注意做某事prefer do
19、ing to doing喜欢.胜于.stop/keep/prevent sb from doing阻止某人做某事sb spend time/money (in) doing sth某人花时间/金钱做某事Its no good/use doing sth做某事有好处/没有用make a contribution to doing 为.做贡献3、 既可以加动名词也可以加不定式作宾语的动词stop doing sth 停止正在做的事情stop to sth 停下来去做其他的事情go on doing sth继续做原来在做的事情go on to do sth继续做另一件事情try doing sth
20、尝试做某事try to do 尽力做某事forgret doing sth 忘记做过某事forger to do sth 忘记去做某事remember doing sth 记得做过某事remember to do sth 记得去做某事regret doing sth 后悔做过某事regret to do sth后悔去做某事need doing sth某事需要被做need to do sth 需要做某事分词1、 句法功能1. 做表语（表示主语的某种性质或状态，不可以和主语互换）The film is very interesting.那个电影很有趣He was very excited at t
21、he news.他对那个消息很激动2.做定语（与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系和动宾关系，作用相当于一个定语从句）The girl standing over there is my sister.=The girl who is standing over there is my sister.站在那边的那个女孩是我的妹妹The bridge built last month needs repairing.=The bridge which was built last month needs repairing.上个月建的那座桥需要修2. 做宾补（现在分词作宾补，与宾语形成逻辑上的
22、主谓关系；过去分词做宾补，与宾语形成逻辑上的动宾关系）I often hear the girl singing in the morning.我经常听到那个女孩早上唱歌（the girl 和singing之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，singing 是由the girl 发出）She kept us waiting for 2 hours她让我们等了两个小时（us和waiting 之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，waiting是由us发出）He tries his best to make himself heard.他尽力使他自己能被别人听到（himself和heard之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，hims
23、elf承受了heard这个动作，他被听到）I must have the work done.我必须使工作被完成（work和done之间有逻辑上的动宾关系，work 承受了done这个动作，工作被完成）3. 做状语（其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致）（表时间,条件,原因,让步，伴随,方式）1） 做时间状语，可以和时间状语从句互换Hearing the bell,the students went into the classroom.=When the students heard the bell,they went into the classroom.听到铃声学学生们走进了教室Stud
24、ying in university,he was very popular among his classmates.=When he studied in the university,he was very popular among his classmates.读大学期间，他在同学中十分受欢迎2） 做条件状语，可以和条件状语从句互换Working hard,you will succeed.=If you work hard,you will succeed.努力工作，你就会成功Given more time,I would be able to complete the work
25、on time.=If I was given more time,I would be able to complete the work on time.再给我一些时间的话我会按时完成工作3） 做原因状语，可以和原因状语从句互换Being late,he was punished.=Because he was late,he was punished.因为迟到，他被惩罚了Not knowing her address,I wasnt able contact her.=Because I did not know her address,I wasnt able to contact h
26、er.不知道她的地址，我无法联系到她4） 做让步状语，可以和让步状语从句互换Having lived in Beijing for three years,he still doesnt know the roads.=Alhough he has lived in Beijing for three years,he still doesnt know the roads.尽管在北京已经住了三年了，他仍然不知道路怎么走5） 表伴随She lay on the grass,looking at the sky.她躺在草地上，看着天空He came in, followed by his chi
27、ldren.他进来了，后面跟着他的孩子们6） 表方式I did my homework as requested.我按要求做的作业2、 现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词形式的主语是物，描述物的特征；表示主动和进行。过去分词形式的主语是人，描述人的情感；表示被动和完成。1. The film is exciting.电影很令人激动（exciting描述film的特征）They are excited at the film.他们对电影很激动（excited描述they的情感）2. There is a falling leaf in the sky.天空中飘着一片树叶（falling表示进行）There is a fallen leaf on the ground.地上有一片树叶（fallen表示完成）3. The girl wearing a skirt is Lucy.穿着裙子的女孩是Lucy.（wearing表主动，由the girl主动发出）The book writen by the wtiter has sold out.那个作家写的书已经卖完了（writen表被动，book被写）