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1、用英语讲中国春秋战国用英语讲中国春秋战国秋连诸侯国被消灭。ThisconstantconflictandannexationofonestatebyanotherduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodhastenedsocialandeconomicchangeandhadtheeffectofintegratingpeopleofdifferenttribesandnationalities.春秋时期这种国与国之间不断的冲突和吞并加剧了社会及经济的变化,并对来自不同部落和国家的人们产生了深远的影响。Theconsequenceofthisperiodofdrasticu
2、pheavals,reshufflingsandregroupings,whathadbeenseveralhundredstateswerereconstitutedintosevenmegastates.经历了这一时期的剧烈动乱、兼并、重组,数百个诸侯国最终被七大国(齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏、秦)吸收兼并。ChinaenteredtheWarringStatesPeriod.自此,中国进入战国时期。用英语讲中国春秋战国:BattleofChengpu城濮之战DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,therewasaconflictbetweenthestatesofJi
3、nagainstChuanditsalliesinChinain632BC,whichiscalledtheBattleofChengpu.城濮之战发生在春秋时期,公元前632年,晋国和楚国联军在城濮开战。TheJinvictoryconfirmedthehegemonyofDukeWenofJinandcheckedChuambitionsinthenorthforatleastageneration.晋国的胜利确保了晋文公的霸权地位也确立了楚国在北方长达至少一代时间的通知。TheBattleofChengpuisprobablythebiggestoftheSpringandAutumnP
4、eriodanddefinitelythemostdetailedintheZuoZhuan(左传).城濮之战可能是春秋时期最大的一次战役,也在左传中得到了具体的记载。ItcouldbeviewedasthefirstgreatbattleintheprotractedconflictbetweenthestatesoftheYellowRivervalley,andthestatesoftheYangtzeRivervalley.它可被视为黄河流域和长江流域诸侯国之间第一次大战。用英语讲中国春秋战国:WarringStatesPeriod战国时期Afterlong-termwars,seve
5、nkingdoms,namelyQi,Chu,Yan,Han,Zhao,WeiandQin,appearedasthemostpowerfulstatesinthisperiod,knownastheSevenOverlordsinhistory.经过长期的战争,齐,楚,燕,韩,赵,魏、秦,战国时期内最强大的国家,史称战国七雄。Toexpandtheirforcesandterritories,thesevenoverlords,ontheonehand,carriedoutreformsintheirownstatestostrengthenthemselvesand,为了扩大本人的势力范围
6、和领土,这七大国一方面对内实行改革,使本人更大强大,ontheother,werewarringagainsteachotherandschemingtoannexotherstates,whichgaverisetothesituationofsevenpowerfulstatesexistingsidebysideandstrugglingagainsteachother.另一方面对外交战,意图兼并他国,这导致了战国七雄互相歌剧混战的局面。Qin,situatedintheremotewest,usedtobeavassalstateenfeoffedbyKingPingforQinXia
7、nggongscontributionofescortingthekingonhismoveeast.秦,位于西部偏僻,曾经是周平王因秦襄公护送东迁有功而册封给他的诸侯国。DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,QinMugongannexedtwelvestates,largelyexpandinghisterritory,makinghimselfanoverlord.在春秋战国时期,秦穆公吞并十二个国家,极大地扩大了本人的领土,使其成为一代霸主。DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,Qin,becauseofitsoutlyingposition
8、,wasmorebackwardthanthestatesintheCentralPlains.在战国时期,由于秦国偏僻的地形,其相较于中原诸国落后的多。WhenQinXiaogongwasinpower,Shangyang,anaristocraticdescendantoftheWeikingdom,wasentrustedbythemonarchtocarryoutaseriesofreformsin359BCand350BCtostrengthenthepowerofQin.秦孝公当政时,商鞅,卫国的贵族后嗣,在公元前359年至公元前350年奉命开展了一系列的改革,以加强秦国的实力。S
9、hangyangsreformsincludeabolishingtheoutdatedwell-fieldsystem,legalizingtheprivateownershipofland,cancelingthehereditarysystemofrankandinitiatingacountysystem.商鞅变法包括废除过时的井田制,使土地私有制合法化,取消职级的世袭制,改用县制。Inaddition,Qinalsopaidattentiontothedevelopmentofagriculture.此外,秦还重视农业的发展。大约在公元前250年,李冰,蜀地的省长(现四川省),与其儿
10、子一道,领导了都江堰水利工程的建造,它不仅控制了洪水的泛滥,同时还灌溉了整个成都平原。Around250BC,Libing,agovernorofShuprefecture(presentSichuanProvince),togetherwithhisson,directedtheconstructionofDujiangyanIrrigationProject,whichnotonlycontrolledfloodingbutalsoirrigatedthewholeChengduPlain.秦在改革进步的基础上迅速成为一个实力强大的国家,为日后秦始皇统一中国奠定了坚实的基础。Qin,bas
11、edonthereformsandimprovements,quicklybecameapowerfulstate,layingasolidfoundationforthefutureunificationofChinabyEmperorQinShiHuang.在战国末期,东周王室名存实亡。公元前256年,秦出动军队,打败东周。没太多久,嬴政继承王位后,他加快吞的步伐并最终在公元前221年统一中国,建立起一个统一的多民族的专制集权的国家,结束了战国时期。AttheendofWarringStates,theroyalhouseofEasternZhouexistedinnameonly.In2
12、56BC,QindispatchedarmyanddefeatedtheEasternZhouDynasty.Beforelong,afterKingYingzhengsucceededtothethrone,heexpeditedhisprojectofannexationandfinallyin221BCunitedChinaandestablishedaunified,multinational,autocraticandpower-centralizedstate,puttinganendtotheWaningStatesPeriod.在西汉末期(公元前206年至公元24年),刘向在有关这一时期的资料的基础上,根据这一时期的特点,将史料编撰成书(战国策叙录)。后人遂将这个混乱的时代命名为战国时期。AttheendofWesternHanDynasty(206BC24AD),LiuXiang,basedontheinformationaboutthisperiod,compiledabookandnamedittheHistoryofWarringStatesaccordingtothecharacterofthisperiod.LatergenerationsthennamedthischaoticeratheWarringStatesPeriod.