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1、用英语讲中国的春秋战国用英语讲中国的春秋战国秋连把英语融入到日常的浏览当中,能够有效得提高英语水平。我在此献上用英语来了解中国的历史文化,希望大家喜欢。用英语讲中国春秋战国:TheContentionofaHundredSchoolsofThought百家争鸣AsaneraofgreatculturalandintellectualexpansioninChina,theHundredSchoolsofThought(诸子百家)lastedfrom770BCto222BC.作为中国历史上一个文化与智慧迅速扩展的时代,诸子百家始于公元前770年,终于公元前222年。KnownastheGolde
2、nAgeofChinesethoughtandtheContentionofaHundredSchoolsofThought(百家争鸣),theperiodsawtheriseofmanydifferentschoolsofthought.这个时代被誉为中国思想的黄金时期和百家争鸣的时期,它见证了不同思想学派的兴起。ManyofthegreatChineseclassictextsthatoriginatedduringthisperiodhavehadprofoundinfluencesonChineselifestyleandsocialconsciousnesslastingtothep
3、resentday.不少起源于这个时代的中国古典著作直到今日对中国人的生活方式和社会意识还有着深远的影响。Theintellectualsocietyofthiserawascharacterizedbyitinerantintellectuals,whowereusuallyemployedbyvariousstaterulersasadvisersonthemethodsofgovernment,war,anddiplomacy.这个时代的知识型社会以流动的智者为特征,这些智者被不同国家的君主任用为参谋,针对治国之道、治军之道和外交手段提出建议。Confucianism(儒家思想)isth
4、ebodyofthoughtthathasarguablyhadthemostenduringeffectonChineselife.儒家思想可能是对于国人生活最具有长远影响的本体思想。AlsoknownastheSchooloftheScholars,itswrittenlegacyliesintheConfucianClassics,whichlaterbecamethefoundationofthetraditionalsociety.它还被称为学者学派,其文学遗产存在于儒家典籍中,这些典籍为传统社会奠定了基础。TherepresentativeofthisthoughtisConfuc
5、ius(孔子),hebelievedthattheonlyeffectivesystemofgovernmentnecessitatedprescribedrelationshipsforeachindividual:Lettherulerbearulerandthesubjectasubject.这种思想的代表人物是孔子,他坚信政府唯一行之有效的体制必然是个体之间明确规定的关系:君君,臣臣。Furthermore,hecontendedthatakingmustbevirtuousinordertoruleproperty.除此之外,他主张君主以仁治国。Mencius(孟子)wasaConf
6、uciandisciplewhomademajorcontributionstothespreadofhumanisminConfucianthought,declaringthatman,bynature,wasinherentlygood.孟子是孔子的弟子,他为儒家思想中人道的传播做出了主要奉献,宣扬人性本善。Hearguedthatarulercouldnotgovernwithoutthepeoplestacitconsent,andthatthepenaltyforunpopular,despoticrulewasthelossofthemandateofheaven.他以为一位君主
7、不可能脱离人民的默许而治理国家,而不得人心的惩罚与暴虐的管理是天命的缺失。AnotherConfucianfollowerwasXunZi(荀子)whopreachedthatmanisinnatelyselfishandevil,孔子的另一位继承者是荀子,宣扬人性本恶,heassertedthatgoodnessisattainableonlythrougheducationandconductbefittingonesstatus.他坚称教育是唯一能够获得仁善的渠道,而后天的环境会影响人的仁善。Healsoarguedthatthebestformofgovernmentisonebase
8、donauthoritariancontrol,andthatethicsisirrelevantinthecontextofeffectiverule.他还以为国家治理最好的形式应建立在专治管理之上,仁义道德与有效统治的环境没有关系。Legalism(法家思想)greatlyinfluencedthephilosophicalbasisfortheimperialformofgovernment.法家思想深入地影响了国家管理形式的哲学基础。DuringtheHanDynasty,themostpracticalelementsofConfucianismandLegalismweretake
9、ntoformasortofsynthesis,markingthecreationofanewformofgovernmentthatwouldremainlargelyintactuntilthelate19thcentury.在汉代,儒家思想和法家思想中最实用的元素被结合起来,创造了一种政府管理的新形式,这种形式一直被完好保留到19世纪末期。AsthesecondmostsignificantstreamofChinesethought,theZhouperiodalsosawthedevelopmentofTaoism(道家思想).中国同样见证了国学思想中第二主要的流派道家思想的发展。
10、ItsformulationisoftenattributedtothelegendarysageLaoZi(老子)andZhuangZi(庄子).它由传讲中的圣人老子和庄子所构建。ThefocusofTaoismisontheindividualwithinthenaturalrealmratherthantheindividualwithinsociety;道家思想的核心在于自然境界中的个人而不是社会中的个人。accordingtoTaoism,thegoaloflifeforeachindividualistoseektoadjustoneselfandadapttotherhythmo
11、fthenaturalworld,tofollowtheWayoftheuniverse,toliveinharmony.根据道家思想,每个人的生活目的应该是调整自己来适应自然世界的节拍,顺应宇宙的形式,和谐生活。TheschoolofMohism(墨家思想)wasfoundeduponthedoctrineofMozi(墨子).墨家学派是基于墨子思想而创立的。ThoughtheschooldidnotsurvivethroughtheQinDynasty,MohismwasseenasamajorrivalofConfucianismintheperiodoftheHundredSchool
12、sofThought.尽管这个学派在秦朝没有得以发展,墨家思想仍被以为是百家争鸣学派中儒家思想的主要竞争对手。Itsphilosophyrestedontheideaofuniversallove:Mozibelievedthatallmenareequalbeforeheaven,andthatmankindshouldseektoimitateheavenbyengaginginthepracticeofcollectivelove.它的理论在于兼爱的思想。墨子相信人人平等,以为人们应该通过兼爱来模拟天志。Hisepistemologycanberegardedasprimitivemat
13、erialistempiricism;hebelievedthatourcognitionoughttobebasedonourperceptionsoursensoryexperiences,suchassightandhearinginsteadofimaginationorinternallogic,elementsfoundedonourcapacityforabstraction.他的理论能够被看作是最原始的唯物主义。他相信我们的认知应该建立在我们的感觉,也就是我们的感官体验例如视觉和听觉上,而不应该建立在想象、内在联络或是以抽象概念为基础的元素上。Inaword,thesceneo
14、fcontentionofahundredschoolsofthoughtbroughtforthintheSpringandAutumnPeriod2500yearsagoandtheWarringStatesPeriodover2200yearsagoandtheemergenceofvariousschoolsofthoughtandtheirexponentssuchasLaoZiandConfuciusabout2400yearsagoalloccupyaveryimportantpositionintheworldhistoryofphilosophy.总而言之,百家争鸣的景象出如
15、今2500年前的春秋时期和2200年前的战国时期。2400年前,诸子百家的出现以及他们的倡导者老子和孔子都在世界哲学史的发展经过中占据了重要地位。用英语讲中国春秋战国:PoliticalReformsofShangYang商鞅变法LordShangYangintroducedtwopoliticalreformstothestateofQinintheWarringStatesPeriod(475221BC).战国时期(公元前475年至公元前221年),商君商鞅在秦国推行了两次政治变革。ShangYangwasborninanaristocratfamilyinthestateofWei.商鞅
16、生于卫国一个贵族家庭。In356BC,hewasappointedgovernortointroducethefirstpoliticalreformtorewardfarmingandweaving,abolishhereditaryprivilegesofthenobilityandencouragefarmingandfightingforthecountry,setupaunitaryadministrativesystemdowntohouseholdregistrationatthegrassroots.公元前356年,他被任命为主管推行第一次变法以奖励农耕和编制,取消贵族的世袭特
17、权,鼓励农耕和为国家而战,建立了下至基层户口登记的一元统治体系。ShangYangcarriedthereforminstricttermsandwhenthesonofthekingviolatedlaws,histeachergotpunished.商鞅严格执行变法,当王子触碰法律时,他的教师就会遭到惩罚。Insuchawayhetoldpeopletobelaw-abiding,andpoliticalreformachievedgreatsuccess.通过这样的方式,他教会人们遵纪守法,变法也获得了很大的成功。Thefirstreformbroughtrapiddevelopment
18、tothestateofQin.初次变法为秦国带来了迅速的发展。Twoyearslater,thecapitalwasshiftedtoXianyangandthesecondpoliticalreformwasthenintroducedtoestablishthepoliticalsystemofcountyinwhichtheStateofQinwasdividedinto31counties,toabolishthenine-squaresystemandmakelandprivate,andunifyweightsandmeasures,两年后,国都迁至咸阳,第二次变法被推行以在秦朝
19、的31个郡县中建立郡县制、废除井田制、实行土地私有制、统一度量衡。thuslayingthefoundationsforthestateofQintobecomestrongandeventuallyunifyChinaforthefirsttimeinhistory.这些措施为秦朝的强大和史上初次统一中国奠定了基础。用英语讲中国春秋战国:BattleofChangping长平之战DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod(战国时期),theBattleofChangping(长平之战)brokeoutin260BC,whichresultsinadecisivevictoryo
20、fthestateofQin(秦国)overZhao.长平之战爆发于公元前260年的战国时期,这场战争以秦国决定性的战胜赵国为结局。In257BC,theQininvadedtheHan.公元前257年,秦国侵略韩国。RespondingtotheHancallforhelp,theZhaokingdecidedtosendLianPo(廉颇)todealwiththethreat.收到韩国需要救援的信息,赵国国君派出廉颇来对抗秦国。ThetwoarmiesmetatChangping,situatedintheNorthernpartoftheHanlands.两支军队交战于韩国北部之地,长
21、平。OnonesidewastheQinarmy,ledbyrenownedGeneralBaiQi,ontheotherwastheZhaoarmyledbyLianPo.一支军队是由名将白起率领的秦国军队,另一支则是由廉颇率领的赵国军队。LianPo,afterlookingovertheQinformations,decidedthattheonlywaytostoptheirattackwastowaititout.观察了秦国军队的排布之后,廉颇决定唯一能够阻止他们进攻的方法就是耐心等待。Thushebuiltseveralfortressesandcampedthere,waitin
22、gfortheopposingarmytogoawayorapeacetreatytobeconcludedbytheHanandtheQin.因而,他建立了一些堡垒并在那里扎营扎寨,等待敌方军队离开或是两国和解。TheQinhadnointentionofleaving.秦国军队没有离开的打算。TheysentspiestothestateofZhaoandHan,orderingthemtospreadthewordthatLianPowascowardlyandwastoooldtofightbattles.他们向韩国和赵国派遣间谍,分布廉颇是懦夫以及廉颇太老不能再打仗的传言。Theki
23、ng,uponhearingthis,immediatelydecidedtoremoveLianPoandreplacehimwithZhaoKuo,thesonofanotherfamousZhaogeneral,ZhaoShe.国君一听,立即弃用廉颇,命赵国另一名将赵奢的儿子,赵括出征。Legendhasitthatonhisdeathbed,ZhaoShetoldhiswifenevertoletZhaoKuocommandanarmy.传讲赵奢临终之时吩咐他的妻子千万不要让赵括带兵打仗。SoZhaoSheswife,afterhearingofZhaoKuosappointmenta
24、sgeneral,wentuptotheKingofZhaoandtriedtopersuadehimnottoletZhaoKuocommandanarmy,alongwiththeminister,LinXiangru.所以赵奢的妻子一听讲赵括被任命为统帅就和另一位官员蔺相如一起来到赵国国君的面前,想要劝讲他不要让赵括领兵。Thekingturnedtheirrequestsdown.国君拒绝了他们的请求。WhenZhaoKuoassumedcommand,heorderedthearmytolaunchaninvasionoftheQincamp.赵括担任指挥后,命令军队向秦军营地发起进
25、攻。TheQinwerealreadylyinginwaitforthemandtheZhaoforceswereeventuallydrivenupahill,whichtheQinthenbesiegedfor40days.秦军一直在等着赵军发动进攻,最终赵国军队攀上了秦国军队包围了40天的山峰。Atlast,drivenmadbyhungerandthirst,theZhaoforcesmadeadesperatechangedownthehill,withZhaoKuoleading.最后,由于被饥饿和口渴逼疯,赵国军队在赵括的带领下孤注一掷,闯下山头。HewasshotdownbyQ
26、inarchers.赵括死于秦军弓箭手的箭下。ThetroopsofZhaowererouted.赵国军队被一举击败。LegendsaccountedformorethanfourhundredthousandZhaoprisonersofwarmassacredbutsuchgrosslyoverestimatednumberhasbeendisputed.传讲超过400000的赵国战俘被屠杀,但是这样粗略的高估存在着争议。Withthisvictory,Qinhadestablishedmilitarysuperiorityoverotherstates.通过这场战争的胜利,秦国在其他国家面前树立了军队优势。Morecampaignsandbattlesensued,especiallyintheconquestofthestateofChu.尤其是在征服了楚国之后,秦国发动了更多的战争。Neverthelessnomatterhowbloodythesemilitaryoperationswouldbe,Qinsfinalvictorywasguaranteed.不管这些战争有多么的残忍,它们都保障了秦国最终的胜利。