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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date语言学练习题语言学练习题Chapter 1Introductions to LinguisticsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.BLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human_A. contactB. communicationC. relationD.
2、 community2.AWhich of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3.C The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is_.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4.CIn Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or th
3、e people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD. Recreational5.CWhich of the following property of language enables language users to overcom
4、e the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6.BStudy the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of langu
5、age? A nice day, isnt it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7.A_ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usersknowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8.CWhen a dog is barking,
6、you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldnt be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of _.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD. duality9.A_ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our
7、first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10.C_ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII.Decide whether the fol
8、lowing statements are true or false. (10%)11.FLanguage is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.12.FLanguage change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13.TSpeaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication sys
9、tems.14.F Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15.F We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted.16.F Only human beings are able to communicate.17.FF. de Saussure, who made
10、the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.18.F A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeares time is an example of the diachronic study of language.19.F Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20.F All t
11、he languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III.Fill in the blanks. (10%)21.verbalLanguage, broadly speaking, is a means of _ communication.22.productivityIn any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on l
12、imited rules. This feature is usually termed _.23.metalingual functionLanguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is _.24.yo-he-hoTheory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the _ theory.25.scientificLin
13、guistics is the _ study of language.26.descriptiveModern linguistics is _ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27.speechOne general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of _ over writing.28.diachronic lingu
14、isticThe description of a language as it changes through time is a _ study.29.langueSaussure put forward two important concepts. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech petenceLinguistic potential is similar to Saussures langue and Chomskys _.Chapter 2Speech Soun
15、dsI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.APitch variation is known as _ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2.CConventionally a _ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3.DAn aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are
16、_ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4.AThe opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5.A The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as _ diphthongs.A. wideB. clos
17、ingC. narrowD. centering6.D A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7.BWhich branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8.AWhich one is
18、different from the others according to places of articulation?A. nB. mC. b D. p9.B Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. i:B. u C. eD. i 10.BWhat kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Cons
19、onantII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.TSuprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12.T The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modif
20、ication to acquire the quality of a speech sound.13.T Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14.F p is a voiced bilabial stop.1
21、5.F Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16.TAll syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17.T When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18.T According to the length or tenseness of the pronuncia
22、tion, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.19.FReceived Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20.F The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III.Fill in the
23、 blanks. (20%)21.voiced, voiceless, voicedConsonant sounds can be either _ or _, while all vowel sounds are _.22.frictionConsonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _.23.tongueThe qualities of
24、 vowels depend upon the position of the _ and the lips.24.heightOne element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the _ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25.obstructionConsonants differ from vowels in that the
25、latter are produced without _.26.minimal pairsIn phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating _.27.diphthongsIn English there are a number of _, which are produced by moving from one vowel position t
26、o another through intervening positions.28.Co-articulation_ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.29.Phonemes_ is the smallest linguistic unit.30.air streamSpeech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements h
27、ave an effect on the _ coming from the lungs.Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1.A Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2.A Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _ morpheme.A.
28、inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3.CThere are _ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4.B In English ise and tion are called _.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5.B The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _.A. derivational affixB. inflection
29、al affixC. infixD. back-formation6.B _ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7.CThe word TB is formed in the way of _.A. acronymyB. clippingC. init
30、ialismD. blending8.A The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9.DThe stem of disagreements is _.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10.BAll of them are meaningful except for _.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphII.Decide whet
31、her the following statements are true or false. (10%)11.F Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12.TFore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13.FBase refers to the part of the word that remains wh
32、en all inflectional affixes are removed.14.TIn most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15.TConversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16.FReduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a wor
33、d.17.TThe words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18.F In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19.FBack-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20.F Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III.Fill in
34、 the blanks. (20%)21.initialism, acronymAn _ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _ is pronounced as a word.22.vocabularyLexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _.23.solid, hyphenated, openOrthographically, compounds are written in three ways: _, _ and _.24.morphemeAll words may be said to co
35、ntain a root _.25.close, openA small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to _ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to _ class.26.back-formation_ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27.conversion_ is e
36、xtremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28.morphemeWords are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _
37、level.29.derivative, compoundA word formed by derivation is called a _, and a word formed by compounding is called a _.30.affix, bound rootBound morphemes are classified into two types: _ and _.Chapter 4SyntaxI.Choose the best answer. (20%)1.D The sentence structure is _.A. only linearB. only hierar
38、chicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2.C The syntactic rules of any language are _ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite3.DThe _ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational4.DA sentence is c
39、onsidered _ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical5.DA _ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator6.APh
40、rase structure rules have _ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional7.DPhrase structure rules allow us to better understand _.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.8.DThe head of the phrase “the city Rome” is _.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome9.B