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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载定语从句定语从句功能及位置功能：定语从句相当于形容词,修饰名词或代词,在句中作定语；位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后；例： Those who are willing to 定义：attend the party , sign your names here please. 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面；定语从句的概念 :在复合句 中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句 做先行词 ,定语从句一般放在先行词的后
2、面 .）关系词.被修饰的名词或代词叫引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词；关系代词 有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等,确定没有 what ；关系副词 有 where, when, why,how 等；关系词常有 3 个作用：连接作用,引导定语从句；代替主句中的先行词,甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句；在定语从句中充当一句子成分；注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分；一般whom 作为宾语；关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语,时间状语,缘由状语等；定语定语用来 限定 、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词
3、起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子,汉语中常用 的表示；主要由形容词担任,此外, 名词 ,代词 ,数词 ,分词 ,副词 ,不定式以及 介词短语 也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任；单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置 先行词 关系代词引导的定语从句举例关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、 定语等成分；关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一样；1,who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who 作主语指人, whom 作宾语指人, that既可作主语又可作宾语
4、（作宾语可以省略）,可以指人也可以指物；在从句中所起作用如下：1 Is he the man who/that wants to see you. 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载2 He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 在从句中作宾语）他就是我昨天见的那个人； （whom/that（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English tea
5、cher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师2,Whose 用来指人或物只用作定语 , 如指物,它仍可以同of which互换,指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替）1 They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了, 大家都跑过去帮忙；2 Please pass me the book whose color the color of which is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书；3 The man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 教授；3,whic
6、h, that那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如：1Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村显现了前所未有的富强；（which / that 在从句中作主语）2 The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了；which / that 在从句中作宾语）4,as （重点）as 可以做
7、主语,也可以作宾语,作宾语时一般不省略,指人或者物；常与such as,the same as 等短语连用；5,as 与 which 的区分as 可以放在句首,而 which 不行as 表示主观, which 表示客观事实as 引导非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句关系代词关系代词：在句中作 主语 、宾语 或定语1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人,which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语常常可省略关系词,which 在从句中作宾语也可以省略；eg：This is the book （which ） you want. 2. 假如 which 在从句中作 “不及物动
8、词 +介词 ”的介词的宾语,留意介词不要丢掉,而且名师归纳总结 介词总是放在关系代词which 的前边,但有的就放在它原先的位置第 2 页,共 13 页3. 代表物时多用which ,但在以下情形中用 that 而不用 which ：重点- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载a先行词是 anything, everything, nothing , none 等不定代词 时；b先行词由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much c先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；d先行词中既有人又有物
9、时；e整个句中前面已有which ,who,that时；f当先行词为物并作表语时；g先行词为 one 时；等修饰时,这时的 that 常被省略；h先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时；i在 there be 句型中,句子的主语是先行词,而且又是物 j以 here is 开头的句子 k）It is a high time+ 定语从句 4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom 作宾语 时,要留意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose 是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置全部格 .它引导的从
10、 句可以修饰人和物 , 当它引导的从句修饰物体时 , 可以与 of which 调换 ,表达的意思一样；关系副词关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词 =介词 +关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ . which 介词同先行词搭配 when=during/ on/ in/ . which 介词同先行词搭配 1. where 是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句；2. when 引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是, 表示时间 “ time一词的定语从句只用when 引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用 that 引导；By the time when you ar
11、rived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候,我们在那里已经待了两个星期；I still remember the first time when I met her. 我仍旧记得我第一次见到她；Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc 刷等其他东西；3. 当从句的规律主语是； 每一次他去出差,他带来了生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,
12、牙some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything 或 nothing 时,常用 there is 开头There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话；非限制性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号 隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立非限制性定语从句意义 :名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载非限
13、制性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的懂得；在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有 逗号隔开 ,如如将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间,前后都需要用逗号隔开；1. which 引导的非限制性定语从句作用是说明前面整个句子的情形或主句的某一部分2.当先行词是专出名词、性的,例如：物主代词或 指示代词 所修饰时, 其后的定语从句通常是非限制Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理 史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师；My house, which I bought last year, has got a love
14、ly garden. 个美丽的花园；This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 说很感人；我去年买的的房子带着这本我已经读过三遍的小3.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰 , 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他好像没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦；Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation
15、. 做蒸发；4. 有时 as 也可用作关系液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫5. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词 why 和关系代词 that ,而用 who, whom 代表人,用 which,whose 代表事物,假如需要用 why ,可用 for which 代替 .；p.s: which 引导的非限制性定语从句其后不行省成分,as 可以关系代词引导的定语从句who 指人在从句中做主语的.1 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班. 2 Yesterday I helped an old man who
16、 lost his way. 昨天,我帮忙了一个迷路的老人whom 指人在定语从句中充当宾语,常省略；（注：who 和 whom 已无太大区分,基本可以通用；区分是 who 可以做主语而whom 不行以, whom 前可以加介词如to whom ,但是 who 不行以）1 Mr. Liu is the person whom you talked with on the bus. 你谈天的那个人 . 刘先生就是在公交车上和2 Mr. Ling is just the boywhomI want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. 3 The man who/whom you me
17、t just now is my friend. 伴侣 . 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的名师归纳总结 留意：关系代词whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用who 代替,可省略；第 4 页,共 13 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 假如在从句中做宾语精品资料欢迎下载他就,就用 whom 或 who. 比如 : He is the man whom/who I talk to. 是那个和我谈天的男人. 假如是在从句中作主语就只能用 他就是那个有英语书的男人 . whose 通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语,表全部；who. 比如 : He is the m
18、an who has an English book. 1 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个伴侣的父亲是医生. 2 I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. 子中 . whose 指物时通常以以下结构来代替我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房3 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. 那个门被打破的教室不久会被修复；4 The classroom the door of which is broken wil
19、l soon be repaired. 课堂门, 被打破会不久被修复；5 Do you like the book whose color is yellow.你喜爱颜色是黄色的书吗. 6 Do you like the book the color of which is yellow. 色吗 . which 指物你喜爱的书的颜色是什么？是黄在定语从句中做主语,表语,定语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略；在非限制性定语从句中 有“,”即可用 which 1 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜爱的嬉戏. 2 This i
20、s the pen which he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔. that 指人时相当于 who 或者 whom ；指物时,相当于 which ；在定语从句中做主语 ,表语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略；5 The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. 每年来这座城市观光的游客数目上升了 100 万；里？6 Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning. 今日早上我观察的那个人在哪关系副词引导的定语
21、从句when 指时间 在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 1 I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 2 The time when we got together finally came. where 指地点 在定语从句中做地点状语名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载1 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 2 The house where I lived ten years
22、ago has been pulled down. why 指缘由在定语从句中做缘由状语1 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 2 I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.留意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词 +关系代词 ”引导的从句替换1 The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, 2 From the year when/in which he was going to sch
23、ool he began to know what he wanted when he gr 介词和关系代词1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略；2）that 前不能有介词；3） 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或缘由状语的 when ,where 和 why 互换；This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.介词 +关系词 结构可以同关系副词Do you remember the day on which you joined our club.Do you
24、 remember the day when you joined our club. This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late. 介词 +关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词 +关系代词引导 which/whom 即“介词 +which/whom 且不 当介词放在关系代词前面时,关系代词只能用 能省略；但当介词位于末尾时可用 that/which/who/whom. 作介词的宾语,且可以省略；例 如：1 The school that/which
25、 he once studied in is very famous.that/which 可以省略 = The school in which he once studied is very famous.which 不行省略2 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine that/which you asked for. = Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. 3 We ll go to hear the famou s singer whom/that/who we have
26、 often talked about. = Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.留意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如：look for, look after, take care of等T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. T=正确 F This is the watch for which I am looking. F=错误 2. 如介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom ,不行用 who 或者 that ；指物时
27、名师归纳总结 用 which ,不能用 that；关系代词是全部格时用whose 第 6 页,共 13 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载1 The man with whom you talked is my friend. T The man with that you talked is my friend. F 2 The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. T The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very
28、 comfortable. F 3. “介词 +关系代词 ”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词、数词或者名词；1 He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 2 In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 3 There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom a
29、re from big cities. 4 The boat, the name of which is Topsail, is famous. 5 I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun. 关系代词关系代词（一般情形下）宾语；that 可用在从句做主语,谓动词的宾语,但是不能做介词的which 指物,在从句中作主语,谓语或宾语；who 在从句中作主语；whom 在从句中作宾语；where 在从句中修饰表地点的名词,做地点状语；when 在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词,做时间状语；why 在从句中做缘
30、由状语,先行词通常是 the reason 有时 why 也可用 for+which 代替；例： A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. 主语 谓语先行词定语从句修饰先行词判定介词和关系代词方法一：用关系代词,仍是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词；不及物动词后面无宾语, 就必需要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语,就要求用关系代词；例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I
31、worked together with you.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起；此两题错在关系词的误用上；方法二：精确判定先行词在定语从句中的成分主、谓、宾、状,也能正确挑选出关系代词 /关系副词；例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago.A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 答案：例 1 D ,名师归纳总结 例 1 变为确定句：This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 第 7 页,共 13 页- - - - -
32、- -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载在句 1 中,is 后应跟表语, 只有 the one 可以,而后面的 就做 one 的定语从句；you visited a few days ago关系词的挑选依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、宾语时, 挑选关系代词 who, whom, that, which, whose；先行词在从句中做状语时,应挑选关系副词 where 地点状语, when 时间状语, why 缘由状语 ；先行词和关系词1Whoever spits in public will be punished here.Whoever 可以用
33、anyone who 代替2The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. what 可以用 all that 代替 但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了,是名词性从句 ；由于定语从句肯定要有先行词,而名词性从句没有；将“ Whoever”、“ what”分别用 “ Anyone who” 、“ all that 代替后,才是定语从句,先行词分别是“ Anyone”、“ all ”由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as 和 which 可代整个主句,相当于 and this或 and
34、that ；As 一般放在句首,which 在句中；As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise. A. itB. thatC. whichD. he答案 C；此为非限定性从句,不能用 that 修饰,而用 which. , it 和 he 都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接；况且选 he
35、 句意不通；2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案 B；which 可代替句子, 用于非限定性定语从句,而 what 不行； That 不能用于非限定性定语从句, it 不为 连词 ,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在 英语语法 上行不通；as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语；但不同之处主要有两点：1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 whi
36、ch 不行；2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必需是系动词；如为 行为动词,就从句中的关系代词只能用 which. ；在此题中, prevent 由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为 B；As 的用法例1. the same as ；such as 中的 as 是一种固定结构 I have got into the same trouble as he has. 例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句,常带有 正如 ；, 和 一样 ；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载As we
37、 know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health.As 是关系代词；例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词 know 要用被动式；一、 “ as / which 特别定语从句的先行成分1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分 分,如：, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成My grandmother s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在肯定的语言
38、环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质；这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词；值得一提的是,在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词不能用 who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分；这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式；假如是动态动词短语,它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词 显现,但不能用其它动词代替；3. 句子作先行成分；do 和 as / which 一起代替； do 可以显现, 也可以不这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句；有时是连续几个句子,有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事；二、 “ as/which ”特别定语从句在句中的位置况：
39、由于先行成分的构成成分不同,“ as/which ”特别定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分, “ as / which特别定语从句置于先行成分之后；“ as / which特别定语从句置于先2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时,行成分之后；但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时,句子之首；“ as”特别定语从句可以移至3. 句子作先行成分时：“ as”特别定语从句的位置较敏捷,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后；但假如先行成分是直接引语,“ as”特别定语从句多在先行成分之前；假如先行成分是否定句, “
40、 as”特别定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义；由于 “ as”特别定语从句具有这一特点,所以有时它的位置不能任凭移动；在非正式的文体里,“ which”特别定语从句可以显现在先行成分之中；三、 “ as/which ”特别定语从句的语义功能 一般说来, as 与 which 的语义功能相同,可以相互替换；但先行成分为句子时,它们 的语义功能就有差异；1. 表示结果 表示结果的特别定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着肯定的因果关系,从句中往往使用有 结果意义的词,如动词 result, make, enable, cause 和形容词 interesting, surprising
41、, delightful, disgraceful 等；2. 表示评注名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载表示评注的特别定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有确定的倾向,它通常与那些表示客观事实,普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中就常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知 ”或 “常常发生 ”等意义的词语,如 natural, known to all, usual 等；3. 有无状语意义“ as”特别定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义）,而“ which”特别定语从句就无状语意义； “
42、 as”特别定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一样,“ which ”特别定语从句就不受这种限制；四、关系代词 as 与 which 的句法功能1. as / which 在特别定语从句中作主语；as 作主语时, 谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是 be, seem ）,主语补语为 usual 、 a rule 、a matter of fact 等时,系动词 be 习惯常常省略；行为动词作“ as”特别定语从句的谓语时一般用于 被动语态 （其中助动词 be 常略）,不及物的行为动词在“ as”特别定语从句中作谓语的极少,常见的有 happen 一词；如：Freddie, as
43、might be expected, was attending the conference. Which 作主语时,谓语动词不限,主动被动皆可,只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be 省略；2. as 和 which 都可以在特别定语从句中宾语；3. as 和 which 在特别定语从句中作补语；如：We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be. “ as”特别定语从句中可以主谓倒装,“ which”从句中就不能主谓倒装；假如先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语,关系代词用 which 而不用 as；如：He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was. 4. which 在特别从定语句中作定语；which 可以在特别定语从句中作定语,修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词；这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义,有时将其略去句义仍旧完整；as 不能作定语；如：I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed. 关系代词 that 的用法1不用 that 的情形（重点）a 在引导非限定性定语从句时；错T