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1、单词用法：1. waste 1) n. 废物, 浪费, 垃圾 Industrial waste must be prevented from polluting our rivers.人们应当禁止工业垃圾污染我们的河流。2) adj. 废弃的, 荒芜的, 多余的The boy threw it away, thinking it was waste paper.那个男孩以为它是废纸，把它扔掉了。3) vt. 浪费, 消耗, 使荒芜 (waste time in doing sth.) There is no use wasting time in discussing how it happe
2、ned.浪费时间讨论它是如何发生的是没有用的。2. amount表示“大量的”，修饰不可数名词；在句中时，由amount(s)来决定动词的单复数。A large amount of money is needed badly.人们急需大量的金钱。Large amounts of time are spent going over the lessons for the final exams.为了期末考试，花大量的时间来温习功课。3. lay vt., vi. 1) 放，置Lay it on the table. 把它放在桌上。 2) 摆放好lay the table 摆好餐桌（摆好餐具） 3
3、) 产，下（蛋）The hen laid three eggs.母鸡下了三个蛋。 注意区别：“下蛋；产卵；放，置” lay-laid-laid-laying;“躺” lie-lay-lain-lying; “说谎” lie-lied-lied-lying;4. population 1) 当表示人口数量的时候，是一个不可数名词, 表示人口多少通常用形容词large/ small修饰。 The population of China is much larger than that of the USA.中国的人口比美国的大多了。Canada is a large country with a
4、small population.加拿大是一个面积很大而人口很少的国家2) 表示具体的人时，用作复数名词； 70 % of the population in China are peasants. 中国70% 的人口是农民。3) 询问人口多少，用特殊疑问词what； What is the population of your hometown? 你家乡有多少人口？词组：1. in addition (to) 表示附加原因，“而且，此外”。In addition, there is one more point I would like to make.此外，我还想再说明一点。In addi
5、tion to the subjects already mentioned, students will also study biology.包括刚才提到的科目，学生此外还要学生物。2. wipe out 消灭，灭绝，洗净的内部The deadly disease almost wiped out the whole nation.致命的疾病几乎使整个民族消失。All the information saved in the computer was wiped out by the virus.所有储存在电脑里的资料全部被病毒删除了。Can you wipe out the inside
6、 of the coffee pot?你能把咖啡壶的内部洗干净吗？3. cut back on = cut down on = reduce 减少，削减To save money, we should cut back on our spending.为了节省钱，我们必须减少开支。If we cant sell more, we will have to cut back on production.如果我们不能扩大销售量，我们就不得不削减生产。语法：1. 表示倍数的三种方法：A 是B的多少倍: A is times as as B （原级）A is times 比较级 than B （比较级
7、）A is times the size/ length/ value/ width of B （形容词对应的名词形式）这个房间是那个房间的3倍那么大。（三种表达法意思完全相同）This room is three times as big as that one.This room is three times bigger than that one.This room is three times the size of that one.Note:1. 倍数的基本表达都是以倍数打头，但要注意不同倍数的不同表达方法：2. 两倍要用twice或double，不用two times. 三倍常
8、用three times,也可用thrice。3. 除整数倍以外，还有分数倍，百分数倍，几倍多或不到几倍等。如：六倍多（more than/over six times）, 一半（half）,三分之一 (one third),百分之六十（60%）等。4. 在the +n.+of结构中 ：1. 要注意选择恰当的名词，常用的名词有size/height/length/weight等。2. the +n.+of 可转换成ones +n.或名词性从句。如：the height of Mary=Marys height.2. 1）表示“建议，要求，命令”等意义的名词，如suggestion, advic
9、e, requirement, order, insistence等作主语时，其后引导的表语从句常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气，并且should可以省略。The doctors advice is that we (should) have a healthy diet.医生的建议是我们应当有一个健康的饮食。2）动词suggest, advise, require, order, insist等引导的宾语从句也常用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气，并且should可以省略。He studies so hard that his parents suggest that he (s
10、hould) go out to have a walk to relax himself.他学习如此辛苦，以至于他父母建议他应当出去散散步，以放松一下。3. 在英语里，在某些名词后面习惯用介词to, 表示“的”。如：the key to -, the entrance to-, the answer to-, the solution to-Does anybody know the answer to the question?有人知道这个问题的答案吗？Excuse me? Could you tell me the entrance to the museum?对不起，请问到博物馆的入口
11、在哪里？Whats the key to solving the problem of pollution?解决污染问题的关键到底是什么呢？单词用法：1. concern n. 关心，关注； There are some reasons for concern but no need for alarm.是有点令人忧虑, 但不必惊慌。2. concerned adj. 担心的，忧虑的；be concerned about / for /over = be worried/anxious about 担心/忧虑-be concerned with = be about 有关；As far as
12、Im concerned= in my opinion就我个人的看法而言;3. concerning prep. about关于，有关 We are sorry to receive a letter concerning your complaints.我们很抱歉地收到关于你投诉的信。4. damage n./ v. 损害，伤害，破坏Smoking does great damage to your health.吸烟对你的健康有极大的损害。（不可数名词）He was given $500 damages for the injury he suffered in the accident.
13、他因事故受伤而得到500美元的损害赔偿金。（律：可数名词）The factory was damaged in the earthquake. 工厂在地震中受损。5. focus 1) n. 焦点；She is the focus of everyones attention. 她是大家注意的焦点。2) v. 使集中，使聚焦；Father focused his anger on the poor dog.爸爸把怒火集中到那条可怜的狗身上。His eyes focused on the lovely girl.他目不转睛地盯着那个漂亮的女孩。 The projects focus on pro
14、blems along the Yangtze River such as water conservation.这些项目侧重长江两岸诸如水资源保护之类的问题。6. appreciate vt. 1) 鉴赏；鉴别; 欣赏；赏识 appreciate good wine 鉴赏好酒 It is hard to appreciate the difference between right and wrong. 分清是非很难。2) 重视Doctors are highly appreciated in that country. 在那个国家医生受到高度重视。 3) 感谢, 感激We deeply a
15、ppreciate your help. 非常感谢你的帮助。We shall appreciate hearing from you again. 我们恭候佳音。I would appreciate it if you paid in cash. 如果你支付现金的话，我将不胜感激。 4) 察觉；意识到We appreciate the danger ahead. 我们意识到危险临头。 5) appreciate vi. 涨价, 增值Apples appreciated 2 to 5 cents per box. 苹果每箱涨价二至五分钱。 词组：1. agree to do sth 同意做某事；
16、2. sb. agree with sb./ ones idea/ what sb said某人同意某人的观点； I dont agree with what he said. 我不同意他说的话。3. sth. agree with sth/ sb. 与相符合，一致；某物适合某人；(无被动语态) What you did doesnt agree with what you said. 你做的和你说的不一致。The weather here doesnt agree with me. 这儿的气候不适合我4. agree to sth. 同意某事（计划等）；5. agree on sth. 就某
17、事达成一致的意见； We agreed on a price for the car.我们就汽车的价格达成了一致的意见。6. rely on / upon = depend on 依靠，依赖；相信，指望； Rely on your assistant to do his job, but dont depend on him for everything.要放心地让你的助手干工作，但不要事事都依赖他。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可指望我的帮助。7. result in = lead to引起，造成某种结果 （结果）(无被动语态) The
18、 accident resulted in three deaths.这次事故造成了三人死亡。8. result from 因而起，起因于 （原因）(无被动语态)His failure in the exams resulted from not working hard enough.他考试不及格是因为他学习不够努力。9. under way 进展中，进行中；we have several plans under way. 我们已将几项计划付诸实施。10. be home to 是的家园/ 栖息之地11. remain to be done. The fact remains to be p
19、roved. 事实尚待证明。12. prohibit sb. from doing sth. =prohibit sb.s doing sth.= stop sb. (from) doing sth.= prevent sb. (from) doing sth.= keep sb. from doing sth. 禁止某人做某事 13. open the floor 自由发言14. run out (of) 用完，耗尽15. be shocked at - 对- 感到震惊16. be arrested for- 因-而被捕17. under arrest 被捕18. in the form o
20、f - 以-的形式19. be stocked with - 装备有-，储备有-20. shame sb. into doing sth. 使某人羞愧而不得不做某事 She shamed her father into promising more help. 她使父亲感到羞愧，只好答应多给她些帮助。21. be ashamed of以. 为耻辱feel ashamed for sb.替某人感到羞愧be ashamed to do sth.以做某事为耻22. under way 在进行中23. focus on 集中，关注24. nature reserve 自然保护区25. pick out
21、 找出，挑选出26. cut at 向猛砍cut away 切下，砍掉cut down 砍倒，砍伐 ；减少的量，缩减cut in 插嘴，插入，插队 cut out 切下，剪下cut up 切碎cut off （1）切断，砍掉 （2） 切断（电力，煤气，自来水等），停止的供给 （3）使（人，城镇）孤立语法：1. “do/ does/ did + 动词原形”，表示强调。But I do agree that recycling may be the key to helping both sides.但我非常赞同：循环利用或许是对两者都有利的关键。She does look beautiful t
22、oday. 她今天看起来真的很美！We did witness a UFO when climbing the mountains.我们爬山的时候，真的看见了一个不明飞行物。2. 现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语相同；如果不相同，分词前必须加上自己的主语，这种结构被称为独立主格结构。Time permitting, I will stay for another week.= If time permits, I will stay for another week. (独立主格结构)3. 现在分词的否定式中，否定词not必须放在最前面。 Not having received a reply, he wrote a letter to the professor again.因为没有收到回信，他又给教授写了一封信。 6