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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - UNIT 1 1. Although the DNA in the nucleus of each cell contains all of the genetic information for all human traits, only a small number of genes are actually active in a particular cell. These active genes are the codes for the proteins necessary for the specific cell type.
2、 尽管每一个细胞核中的DNA 都包含有人类特性的全部遗传信息,但实际上只有小数基因在特定细胞中有活性,这些活性基因是特有的细胞类型所必需的蛋白密码；2. In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration, but they need some help to do this. 在易化扩散中,大分子经一层膜从高浓度区域向低浓度区域移动,但分子要完成这一工 作需要某些帮忙；3. The
3、 cell membrane is selectively permeable, that is, certain substances are permitted to pass through and others are not. 细胞膜的渗透性是有挑选性的,即某些物质答应通过,而其它物质就不行；4. Filtration means that water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. 过
4、滤是指水和已溶解物质经一层膜从高压区压送到低压区；5. Active transport requires the energy of ATP to move molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration. 主动转运需要 ATP 这种能使分子从低浓度区向高浓度区移动；1. 体内平稳取决于全部不同类型的细胞正常的发挥其功能；depend upon Homeostasis depends upon the normal functions of all of the differ
5、ent kinds of cells. 2. 就人口和地域而言,这两个国家差异很大；with respect to With respect to population and geographical area, these two countries vary greatly. 3. 染色体由脱氧核糖核酸和蛋白构成,而脱氧核糖核酸又是细胞特点和活性的遗传密码；genetic code Chromosomes are made of DNA and protein, and the DNA is the genetic code for the characteristics and act
6、ivities of the cell. 4. 氧气从空气中扩散到血液以便在全身循环,而二氧化碳从血液散播到空气中以便排出体 外； diffuse Oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood to be circulated throughout the body, but carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air to be exhaled from the body. 5.科学不断地供应新的发觉,从而进一步支持了他的假设； back upScience continued to throw u
7、p discoveries which further backed up his hypothesis. UNIT 2 1. At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be as precise as it is in older children or younger adults. 然而,在年龄段两端的人群,其体温调剂精确程度都不如青少年或青年人；2. The pathways of heat loss from the body are the skin, respiratory
8、 tract, and to a lesser extent, the urinary and digestive tracts. 人体散热途径是经皮肤、呼吸道,少量经尿道和消化道散热；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3. Changes in body temperature also have an effect on metabolic rate and heat production. This becomes clinically important when a person has a fever,
9、an abnormally high body temperature. 人体体温的变化也会影响代谢率和产热；当一个人发热、 体温反常上升时,从临床上讲,体温变化就显得重要了；4. Anabolism means synthesis or “formation” reactions, the bonding together of smaller molecules to form larger ones. 合成代谢是指综合或“ 形成” 性反应,即把小的分子结合在一起形成更大的分子；5. Catabolism means decomposition, the breaking of bonds
10、 of larger molecules to form smaller molecules. Cell respiration is a series of catabolic reactions that break down food molecules to carbon dioxide and water. 分解代谢是指分解,即将较大的分子链分解形成小分子；细胞呼吸过程就是一连串的分解代谢反应 -将食物分子分解成二氧化碳和水；1. 新陈代谢是指发生在生物体内的化学过程,可分为合成代谢和分解代谢两大类；metabolism Metabolism refers to the chemic
11、al reactions that take place in the living organisms. It may be divided into two major categories: anabolism and catabolism. 2. 正常人的体温为 37 度；随个体、年龄、活动量和每日早晚略有差异,但波动幅度不超过 l； fluctuation The normal body temperature is 37o C, and varies by person, age, activity, and time of day, but the fluctuations ar
12、e usually no more than 1.0 oC. 3. 在正常情形下,人体通过体温调剂系统使体温保持相对稳固；constant Under normal conditions, human body is able to maintain a relatively constant body temperature through the system of temperature regulation. 4. 与生活在热带地区的人相比,在冰冷气候下生活的人,新陈代谢率要高10-20%；metabolic rate People who live in cold climates
13、may have metabolic rates 10% to 20% higher than those who live in tropical regions. 5. 人体体温的调剂主要是通过汗腺的分泌及皮肤血管的收缩与舒张；excretion Human body temperature is mainly regulated through the excretion of sweat gland and vasodilation and constriction of blood vessels in the skin UNIT 3 1. Ventricular contracti
14、on forces blood against the flaps of the right and left AV valves and closes them; the force of blood also opens the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves. 心室收缩使血液施压于左右房室瓣并使其关闭；血液的压力也使主动脉半月瓣和肺动脉 半月瓣打开；2. Palpations are usually not serious, and may be the result of too much caffeine, nicotine, or alc
15、ohol. Much more serious is ventricular fibrillation, ventricular beat that is totally ineffective for pumping blood. a very rapid and uncoordinated 心悸通常不很严峻,可能因摄入的咖啡因,尼古丁或酒精过量引起；更为严峻的是室颤,室颤是一种快速而无节律的心室跳动,可以导致心脏泵血无力；3. Although the heart generates and maintains its own beat, the rate of contraction c
16、an be changed to adapt to different situations. The nervous system can and does bring about 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - necessary changes in heart rate as well as in force of contraction 尽管心脏自身产生跳动并得以维护跳动,但为了适应不怜悯形仍可以转变收缩率；神 经系统可以,并的确能使心率和收缩的强度进行必要的转变；4. The heart will al
17、so be the effector in a reflex stimulated by a decrease in the oxygen content of the blood. The aortic receptors are strategically located so as to detect such an important change as soon as blood leaves the heart. 心脏在受到血氧量下降激起的反射中起到效应器的作用；主动脉感受器的位置特别关 键,所以在血液离心时,感受器能探查出其重要的变化；5. The cardiac cycle i
18、s a sequence of mechanical events that is regulated by the electrical activity of the myocardium. Cardiac muscle cells have the ability to contract spontaneously, that is, nerve impulses are not required to cause contraction. 心循环是一系列受到心肌电活性调剂的机械性活动；心肌细胞能自主收缩,即不需要 神经冲动引起收缩；1. 房颤是一种常见的不规律的心脏节律,fibrill
19、ation ）房颤能引起心房, 即心脏上腔室不正常收缩； （atrial Atrial fibrillation is a very common irregular heart rhythm that causes the atria, the upper chambers of the heart, to contract abnormally. 2. 心电图是用电来记录心脏的活动,其作用是帮助诊断动脉疾病、心肌梗塞及一些先天性 心脏病；（electrocardiogram）The electrocardiogramECG is an electrical recording of hea
20、rt action and aids in the diagnosis of artery disease, myocardial infarction, and some congenital heart diseases. 3. 剧烈要求高等训练改革的呼声遍及全国,人大代表对此也做了提案； permeate A strong desire for higher education reform permeates the whole country, for which deputies to the People Congress have also made their proposa
21、ls. 4. 心率不齐即是心跳不规律,几乎每个人都有心率不齐的经受；（arrhythmia ）Arrhythmia means the irregular heartbeat, which nearly every individual can experience. 5.为了婴儿饮食安全,他们正在努力研制尽善尽美的新牛奶配方；（formula）They are working on the perfection of their new milk formula to ensure the diet safety of the babies. UNIT 4 1. The success of
22、 physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.生理学胜利地说明了生物体如何进行日常活动,的机器,其操作受物理和化学规律掌握；基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵活2. Although it is helpful to study how ea
23、ch organ performs its functions, it is essential to recognize that the activity of the body as a whole is dependent on the intricate interactions between the various organ systems. 虽然讨论各器官如何行使功能很有好处,赖于各器官系统间错综复杂的相互作用；但我们必需熟悉到机体作为一个整体所做的活动依3. If there is an excess of potassium in the extracellular fl
24、uid, the cardiac muscle cells become too excitable and may contract at inappropriate times rather than in a coordinated manner. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 假如细胞外液中钾离子过多,心肌细胞兴奋性增强,可能显现不规律的收缩；4. A negative feedback loop requires a sensor of some kind that responds to the va
25、riable in question but not to other physiological variables. 负反馈环是在机体显现紊乱时,将一些变量掌握在限定范畴内的一个掌握系统；5. Each functional structure contributes its share to the maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the extracellular fluid, which is called the internal environment. 每个功能结构都在维护细胞外液稳态方面发挥其作用,这称之为内环境；1. 血小板
26、和血浆蛋白通过阻挡受伤后的机体血液流失、修复伤口掌握稳态；（hemostasis）Platelets and plasma proteins control hemostasis, a process that stops blood loss after injury and promotes wound healing.2. 钠钾泵将钠离子主动转运至细胞外,钾离子转运到细胞内；每三个钠离子被转运出细胞,就有两个钾离子被转运到细胞内；（transport）A sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium ions Na+ to the ou
27、tside and potassium ions K + to the inside, with three Na + moved out for every two K + moved in. 3. 体内水平稳由位于大脑下丘脑的的渗透压感受器自动调控；（regulate）Water is autonomically regulated by osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus of the brain. absorb 4.养分物质和液体由小肠绒毛内的毛细血管进入血液循环系统；Capillaries within the villi of the
28、 small intestine are sites where nutrients and fluids are absorbed into the circulatory system. 5. 全部的细胞每时每刻都需要氧气,并不断排出二氧化碳等新陈代谢废物；eliminate All cells require a continuous supply of oxygen O waste product, carbon dioxide CO 2. UNIT 5 2 and must continuously eliminate a metabolic 1. The body is const
29、antly striving to maintain a constant internal environment in the midst of ever-changing conditions. 身体始终在不断变化的条件下保持内环境恒定；2. Cardiac output then becomes inadequate to meet the demands of the body, and the patient loses consciousness because insufficient blood reaches the brain. 心输出量不足以满意身体的需要,病人就会由于
30、没有足够的血液到达大脑而失去意识；3. The liver releases stored glucose into the blood when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, thus providing an increased energy source for actively metabolizing cells. 当受到交感神经系统的刺激时,肝脏会释放储存的葡萄糖到血液里,因此为活跃的新陈代谢细胞供应更多的能量源；4. People subject to migraine headaches are generally
31、hard-working and like order; a threat or a conflict causes them to become tense and fatigued. 受偏头痛影响的人通常是努力工作的和喜爱有规律的人；恐吓或冲突会引起他们紧急和疲乏；5. Asthma, a disease characterized by marked changes in the diameter of the bronchi and obstruction of the air passageways, usually has an allergic basis 哮喘通常有过敏的基础,
32、这种疾病表现出支气管直径明显变化和气道堵塞；各种过敏源和刺激物都可以引起哮喘发作；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1. 他受到严刑拷打, 但没泄露隐秘；subject to He had been subjected to punishment, but he didnt tell the secret.2. 如身体伤残或患上疾病,以致不能安全驾驶,就不应驾驶；suffer You should not drive if you suffer from any disability or illness that
33、may make it difficult for you to drive safely. 3. 爱迪生说：“ 天才是 99%的血汗加上1%的灵感 .” （perspiration）Thomas Edison said, “genius is 99% perspiration plus 1% of inspiration.”更好地为社会4.中国养老保险体制的改革与完善提出具有针对性和可操作性的合理化建议,经济实践服务；provide It seeks to provide with reasonable suggestions for the improvement of pension reform in china and better serve for social practice. 5. 较年轻的职员和那些做帮助性工作的人更简单感到无聊；prone Younger employees and those with more menial jobs were also more prone to boredom. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 5 页