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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 20XX 年在职讨论生英语真题Section Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best words for each numbered bland and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.10 points In 1924 American National Research Council sent to engineer to sup ervise a series of experiments at a t
2、elephone parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 1 workers productivity. Indeed, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “ Hawthorne effect he extremely ” tinfluential idea the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects be
3、havior. The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments their hourly out put rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. An 8 that they w
4、ere being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers behavior itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record, 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - no systematic
5、 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 14 interpretation of what happened 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared w
6、ith the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening
7、off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1.Aaffected Bachieved Cextracted Drestored 2.Aat Bup Cwith Doff 3.Atruth Bsight Cact Dproof 4.Acontroversial Bperplexing Cmischieous Dambiguous 5.A requirements Bexplanations Caccounts Dassessment 6.Aconclude Bmatter Cindicat
8、e Dwork 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 7.Aas far as Bfor fear that Cin case that Dso long as 8.Aawareness Bexpectation Csentiment Dillusion 9.Asuitable Bexcessive Cenough Dabundant 10.Aabout Bfor Con Dby 11.Acompared Bshown Csubjected Dconveyed 12.Acontrary to Bconsistent w
9、ith Cparallel with Dpealiar to 13.Aevidence Bguidance Cimplication Dsource 14.Adisputable Benlightening Creliable Dmisleading 15.AIn contrast BFor example CIn consequence DAs usual 16.Aduty Baccidentally Cunpredictably Dsuddenly 17.Afailed Bceased Cstarte D continued 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 21 页
10、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 18.A B C D 19.A B C D 20.Abreaking Bclimbing Csurpassing Dhiting Section Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Reading the following four texts, answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. 40 points Text 2 Over the past
11、 decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its “ one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lying a box. Now the nations top patent court ap
12、pears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a big deal” , says Denn
13、isD Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street
14、 Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced
15、to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some
16、Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice. The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that t
17、he case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three and that onissue it wants to evaluate is weather it should its state street Bank ruling. 名师归纳总结 The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the 第 5 页,共 21 页- - - - - - -精选
18、学习资料 - - - - - - - - - supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “ inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are anti_patent trend at the supreme court”
19、, says Harole C.wegner, a partend attornprofessor at aeorge Washington University Law School. 26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of A their limited value to business B their connection with asset allocation C the possible restriction on their granting D the controversy
20、 over authorization 27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case. A Its rulling complies with the court decisions B It involves a very big business transaction C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - D It may change the legal p
21、ractices in the U.S. 28. The word bout-face ” Line 1,Para 3 most probably meansA loss of good will B increase of hostility C change of attitude D enhancement of disnity 29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents A are immune to legal challenges B are of ten unnecessarily
22、issued C lower the esteem for patent holders D increase the incidence of risks 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text. A A looming threat to business-method patents B Protection for business-method patent holders C A legal
23、 case regarding business-method patents D A prevailing tread against business-method patents Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm aladuell alques that social epidemics are dliven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusua
24、lly informed, persuasive, or we connect. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory called the -step flow of communication” . Information allows from the med
25、ia to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity
26、of people was wearing, 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. In their recent work, however, some r
27、esearchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required of all.The researchers argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Op
28、rah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed
29、 to drive social epidemics, by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these
30、 people has little to do with initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change wont propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the research
31、ers studied the 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people s ability to influence others and their tendencies to be. 31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to A analyze the consequences
32、of social epidemics B discuss influentials function in spreading ideasC exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemicsD describe the essential characteristics of influentials 32. The author suggests that the -step-flow theory”A serves as a solution to marketing problems B has helped explai
33、n certain prevalent trends C has won support from influentials D requires solid evidence for its validity 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that A the power of influence goes with social interactions B interpersonal links
34、can be enhanced through the media C influentials have more channels to reach the public D most celebrities enjoy wide media attention 34. The underlined phrase “ these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoA stay outside the network of social influence B have little contact with the source of
35、 influence C are influenced and then influence others D are influenced by the initial influential 35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence. A The eagerness to be accepted 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - B The impulse to influence others C The re
36、adiness to be influenced D The inclination to rely on others Text 4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else; the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losse
37、s, and its just not fair. These rules say they must valve some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters,
38、essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, Americas Financial Accounting Standards BoarFASB rushed through r
39、ule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in 名师归纳总结 their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASBs chairman, cried out against those who 第 12 页,共 21 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - “ question o
40、ur motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one logroup politely calls “ the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board IASB do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but
41、 the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “ not live in a political vacuum” but “ in the real world” and that develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet
42、, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank shares trade below their book value, suggesting
43、that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. Americas new plan to buy up tox
44、ic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. B
45、ut by giving in to 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 21 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions. 36. Bankers complained that they were forced to A follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules B collect payments from third parties C cooperate with the price managers D reevaluate some of their assets 37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in A the diminishing r