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1、教师资格考试中学教育知识能力考点归纳(3) （Teacher qualification test, secondary school education, knowledge, competence, test site induction (3)）The teacher qualification exam of middle school education knowledge have concluded (3) The development of education and the third section Education can cultivate the talent n
2、eeds of the community, the important point is to see whether it follows the law of development of human. Education and human development is the mutual restriction relations: on the one hand. Education plays a leading role in the individuals physical and mental development process; on the other hand,
3、 but also restricts the education by law of individual physical and mental development, physical and mental development of individual state education is the basis of behavior. First, the individual physical and mental development (a) the concept of individual physical and mental development The indi
4、vidual physical and mental development refers to the whole life process as a whole in individual complex from the beginning of life to the end of life. The process of changing, especially refers to the physical and mental characteristics of individuals to change the active. Peoples physical and ment
5、al development includes two aspects: One is the physiological development, also known as the 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - physical development. The development of individual body enhancement including normal development
6、and physical body two aspects. The normal development of an organism in various organs, including the healthy growth of various body systems. It is the individual physique condition and main contents: the normal development of the physical enhancement and help the body. Two promote each other, mutua
7、l connection, in the actual activities become one. The two is psychological development. Refers to the development of human spirit, including the development of the two aspects of cognition and intention. Cognitive development refers to the development of perception, memory, thinking and other aspec
8、ts of the intention development refers to the development of needs, interest, emotion and will etc. The physical development and psychological development are closely linked. Physical development is the material basis of psychological development, psychological development also affects the developme
9、nt of physiology. (two) special peoples physical and mental development 1. people are social people, is developing in a social environment In the social environment, not only the existence of a different nature, and each individual with different degree of contact of various groups, but also the exi
10、stence of human creation and creative tools. Individuals only participate in social practice. In order to survive and development, in order to play to their potential, and into the development of reality. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 22 页 - -
11、- - - - - - - Has the function of 2. peoples physical and mental development People have the ability to understand and transform the outside world, it has made people beyond the animal world. People have to understand and transform their abilities. People with self consciousness, to a certain stage
12、of development of people. Has the ability to plan their own future and create conditions for future development. The initiative can play better, is an important factor in the development of a person can reach a higher level. (three) and the reason that the individuals physical and mental development
13、 1. in theory In the internal needs of the general emphasis on peoples physical and mental development of power is mainly due to their physical and mental development. The order is determined by the mechanism of physical and mental maturity. Namely: human individual psychological development is comp
14、letely natural factors inherent within the predetermined by the individual, psychological development is the essence of natural factors according to their intrinsic purpose or direction of the show. External conditions can only affect the inherent law of development, but can not change the rhythm. I
15、n view of the natural and mature theory, Preformationism, genetic determinism. This view - the positive significance lies in attaching importance to peoples internal needs and human inherent development mechanism. Weakness is the one-sided 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精
16、心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - emphasis on the importance of internal factors for individual development, and ignore the external factors that influence people and individual subjective initiative. Mencius is representative of ancient China in theory, he thought that human nature i
17、s good, all things are in my heart, there is the nature of human compassion, shame, humility, is the four end, this is the root of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom four basic character of the people, as long as the good self-cultivation, seek, these qualities can be developed. Austria p
18、sychoanalytic school founder Freud believes that the sexual instinct is the most basic natural instinct, it is to promote the development of human potential, unconscious, the most fundamental reason. The contemporary American sociologist Wilson biological gene duplication as all the essence of power
19、 determines the people. And the American psychologist Gesell stressed the decisive role, mature mechanism for the development of people he believes that people decided by gene sequence. If you want to pass the external education training ability formed in front of the mature grab some schedule is in
20、efficient or even futile. Gesell not only that the human body function development program is restricted by the growth rule, and all other abilities, including the growth rule by morality. 2. external motivation theory Externalization theory and in the theory on the contrary, the 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下
21、载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - essence of individual psychological development is the environmental impact of the results. The environmental impact determines the level and form of individual psychological development. This view is also call
22、ed the psychological development of environmental determinism, shaping theory or experience theory etc. The basic view of externalization theory believes that human development mainly rely on external forces, stimulation and environmental requirements, such as the impact of others and school educati
23、on. The focus of concern is the externalization of human learning. Learn what and how to learn effectively. Representative of Chinas ancient evil is Xunzi, he believes that the human factor itself is the need to reform. The British philosopher Rock white board is the externalization of a typical rep
24、resentative. He thinks. The human mind is like a whiteboard, which itself has no content. Can anyone apply external forces determines the human development situation. Another representative of the United States is the externalization of behavioral psychologist at Wahson, he once said: give him a hea
25、lthy baby, regardless of their ancestors, he can train them to be from the leader to the thief and other types of people. He thinks. Environment and education is the only condition of psychological development. Education is everything. Skinner Wahson inherited the environmental determinism, that a p
26、ersons behavior and personality can be complicated by the 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - external reinforcement or punishment means to cultivate and change, control or correction. 3. multi factor interaction theory Accordi
27、ng to dialectical materialism, human development is the internal factors (such as genetic quality, mature body mechanism) and external environment (external stimulus intensity and the level of social development and individual cultural background) interaction in the individual activities in the. Who
28、 is the main practice activity, active participation of the individual, the individual development can not be achieved; subjective and objective conditions in similar circumstances, the extent of individual initiative, has a decisive significance for the development of people. (four) the general rul
29、es of individual physical and mental development The order of the 1. individual physical and mental development Individual physical and psychological development has a certain order in the whole and individual process and characteristics of physical and mental development also has a certain order. C
30、hildren from birth to adulthood, their physical and mental development is from low to high and from quantitative to qualitative changes in the continuous development process. For example, the physical development follows from top to bottom, from the middle to the limbs, muscles from bones to sequent
31、ial development, psychological development is always a mechanical memory to memory, thinking from the concrete to 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - abstract thinking, from the general to the passions emotional sense, moral se
32、nse, aesthetic and other complex emotions. In the education of teenagers, must follow the concrete to abstract, from the shallower to the deeper. From simple to complex, from a lower level to a higher order. Gradually move forward, not push them, otherwise it can not receive the desired effect, and
33、even damage their physical and mental. The 2. stage of individual physical and mental development Individuals showed general characteristics of different physical and mental development and the main contradiction in different stages of development. Faced with different tasks. This is the stage of ph
34、ysical and mental development. Adjacent stages are regularly replaced. During the same period. The development is mainly the number of changes, after a period of development, from quantitative to qualitative change, and development level has reached a new stage. The age characteristics of physical a
35、nd mental development of young people is the characteristics of formation in different age stages of development in general, typical and essential. Of course, between the different stages of development are interrelated, a stage affects the next stage of development direction choice, so the life of
36、each stage for human development. Not only has this stage significance, but also has the meaning of the whole life. The imbalance of 3. individual physical and mental development The imbalance, refers to the continuous process of development. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
37、名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - The uniform motion and speed of the physical and mental development of children is not completely consistent with the time, in different ages, the development speed and level there is obvious difference. Generally, the newborn (born first year) and
38、 adolescent (13, 14 L5, 16 years old), is a two period of rapid development of physical and mental development of children. Imbalance also refers to the body in the process of childrens development and psychological development is not fully coordinated and unified phenomenon. The overall development
39、 of children, is the psychological maturity before physiological maturity. Teenagers on their physical development, has been very close to the adult level, and their psychological maturity, but much lower than adults. But in a specific aspect, there may be psychological ability is not controlled by
40、physiological maturity conditions. For example. 3 5 years old childrens language ability and memory ability, are often better than the adult level. A period of development of the different phenomenon from different aspects of body and mind. More and more psychologists attention. Psychologists put fo
41、rward the key development period or the best of the concept. The so-called critical period of development refers to the physical or psychological aspects of a function and ability are the most suitable formation period. During this period, on one aspect of individual training can get the best effect
42、. The complementarity of the 4. individual physical and mental development The complementary relationship of individual physical and 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - mental development of each part, it first refers to a body
43、 of the function of damaged or missing, can be compensated by other aspects of supernormal development. If the blind through hearing, touch, smell and other aspects of the extraordinary development of compensation. The parts of the body are complementary possible. In the absence of certain aspects o
44、f their own can still provide the conditions and environment coordination and continued survival and development. Complementarity exists between psychological and physiological function. The emotional state of the power of the human spirit, the will, the body can play a regulatory role. To help peop
45、le overcome the disease and deformity, make body and mind is still developing. On the contrary, if a persons psychological ability is poor, lack of self adjustment ability and strong will. So, even if not very serious illness or suffering will knock him out. Individual differences in individual phys
46、ical and mental development of 5. Individual differences exist in different levels. From the point of view, as the first manifestation of gender differences. It is not only the nature of the differences, including a gender brings the physiological function and social status, roles, communication bet
47、ween groups. Secondly, individual differences in all aspects of physical and psychological structure. There is some difference in the level of development, some differences in the psychological features of the way. That is, differences in the individual level of development is not only due to differ
48、ences in innate qualities, the inherent 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 22 页 - - - - - - - - - function of the individual. Effect of effort it is affected by the environment and the development of the subject in the process of development and the
49、 level of self-consciousness and self choice direction. The difference between individual characteristics of research in education. Education should be individualized, long lost good save. (five) education should adapt to the physical and mental development of young children 1. education should adap
50、t to the order and the stages of individual development Education must proceed from the actual students for students of different age. Put forward different tasks, take different education contents and methods. According to the actual situation of distinction. It must be pointed out that. In order t