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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 老师资格考试中学训练学问与才能章节考点1.3 （Teacher qualification examination, middle school education, knowledge and competence, chapter 1.3）Teacher qualification examination, middle school education, knowledge and competence, chapter 1.3 The third section, education and human development I. T
2、he general law of human development 1 the meaning of human development; From the angle of pedagogy and psychology, human development refers to the development of the individual. The individual development of the so-called people, refers to the individual from the beginning of the baby after birth, b
3、y the development of childhood, childhood and youth, youth and adult. This development process is in the family, school and social influence next, through individual practice, the individual from a weak and neonatal development has become absolutely ignorant of the knowledge, skills and ideas, can i
4、ndependently participate in social activities of the members of the society. Human development includes individual physical development and psychological development. The development of the body, the one hand refers to the normal development of an organism, refers to the structure of the body includ
5、ing various organs, the healthy development; on the other hand refers to the physical enhancement, which enhance physiological function, including enhancing the organ system physiology the function of 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - psychological development. On the one hand
6、, refers to the development of human cognition, such as feeling, perception, attention, memory, imagination, thinking ability, including the related knowledge and skills development, and a variety of specialized ability; on the other hand, refers to the development of peoples psychological tendency
7、or the intention of the development, such as the needs of the people, interest, emotion, will, character, and associated with the development of ideology and morality. two the regularity of human development In the process of individual physical and mental development though there are differences in
8、 the development of the characteristics and laws of nature but different individuals in the general trend of physical and mental development have some common, educators must grasp the habits of children and adolescents, successfully carry out the educational work, we must understand the physical and
9、 mental development of the law of the peoples body and mind. The law of human development including sequence, phase difference and uneven development. 1. ordinal From birth to adulthood, the individuals physical and mental development is from low to high and from simple to complex, from quantitative
10、 to qualitative development of continuous process. From the physiological point of view, the physical development is basically in accordance with the from the head to the lower limbs, from the centre to the edge of the direction of the development process. From the psychological point of view, the 名
11、师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - development of childrens thinking ability is gradually developing from the concrete image thinking to abstract logical thinking, memory is a meaningless mechanical memory transition to meaningful memory stage. Piagets epistemology also believes
12、 that the development of a body in accordance with the cognitive ability is from simple to complex, from low to high the stage of development, and human cognition including the succession of four stages, namely the perceptive stage, pre operation stage, the specific operational stage and the stage o
13、f formal operation. Therefore, educators must Note that the order of individual development, not kill, quick. 2. stages The development of individual body and mind is continuous, but also showed a certain stage, showing the different characteristics of each stage. With the development of different c
14、ontradictions in various stages of physical and mental development, with the development of modern psychology of different tasks. The persons life summed up in infancy, early childhood, childhood, adolescence and young adulthood and adult stages. With the development of the two adjacent transitional
15、 stage of individual, but each of the two stages have great differences in physiological, psychological and behavioral patterns. 3. difference The difference of human development is due to influence of heredity, environment, education and other factors, individual differences between individuals in
16、the physical and mental 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - characteristics shown by some aspects. Some children very early development, but some children are late, a slow process of development. This kind of difference on the performance of different children in the same develo
17、pment speed and level. In addition, the difference of individual development also showed differences in the development of a single individual in different aspects. Therefore, the difference of education must respect and understanding of individual development, pay attention to the differences betwe
18、en students, the development of students, promote each children grow up healthy. Four Disequilibrium Also has the unbalanced characteristics of individual physical and mental development, one is the same aspect of unbalanced development in different age stages, such as the development of intelligenc
19、e appears to be out of balance, after the birth of a very fast development in recent years, the development slowed down; the second is that the unbalanced development in different aspects, such as psychological factors the perception of early development, and the development of thinking ability, emo
20、tional maturity is relatively late. 5. complementarity The complementary relationship of individual physical and mental development of each part, it first refers to a body of the function of damaged or missing, the other aspects of the extraordinary development to get part of the compensation. If 名师
21、归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - the blind through hearing, touch and smell the supernormal development defects to compensate each part of vision. The body may have complementary, for people in certain aspects of their absence can still provide conditions in harmony with the en
22、vironment and continue to survive and development. The complementarity also exists in the psychological and physiological function. The emotional state of the power of the human spirit, the will, the body can play a regulatory role, helping people overcome the disease and deformity, make body and mi
23、nd to continue to develop. On the contrary, if a persons psychological ability is poor, lack of self adjustment ability and strong will, so even if it is not too serious illness or The ordeal will knock him down. The complementarity of individual physical and mental development tells us that the pos
24、sibilities of development are directly visible, some are hidden, and the quality of self-confidence and hard work is an important part of Education Two, the main factors affecting peoples development There are many factors that affect the development of individual mind and body, but the most importa
25、nt factors are heredity, environment, education and individual initiative. These factors are interrelated and influence each other I heredity Genetic quality has important significance in the individual physical and mental development. Genetic quality refers to some characteristics of individual tal
26、ent inherited from the previous generation, including some inherent characteristics 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - such as anatomy and physiology, body characteristics, sensory and neurological features. First, provide the possibility of genetic quality for peoples physical
27、 and mental development, it is the premise of physiological peoples physical and mental development. Without these physiological conditions, peoples physical and mental development will be realized. Secondly, the degree of maturity of the quality of physiological and genetic influences the age chara
28、cteristics of peoples physical and mental development. Psychologist Gesells identical twin ladder test proved that the mature degree of genetic quality restricts the level of physical and mental development and phase. Once again, the genetic quality of the people are different, have certain effects
29、on the differences of genetic quality of physical and mental development of people. This difference is mainly manifested in the Finally, genetic quality is also plastic. The genetic quality of human being changes with the environment, education and Practice two environment The environment is the sum
30、 of all external factors directly or indirectly affect the individuals physical and mental development, all with the purpose of fostering talents outside of individual development, such as the interaction of social and economic life, cultural life, relatives and friends can be seen as the influence
31、of the environment. The development of the body and the mind cannot do without the influence of the external environment at first, the external social environment is the objective conditions of individual physical and mental development, mature, have certain restriction on the 名师归纳总结 development of
32、human life. If the genetic quality provides the 第 6 页,共 12 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - possibility for human development, so the influence of the social environment can take this possibility into reality. In ancient China, Xunzi attaches great importance to influence influence on the envi
33、ronment he proposed: a, not straight up since; Baisha in Nirvana, with all black. secondly, effects on the environment cannot do without the social practice, social practice for the people Development is of decisive importance three education School is a specialized training places, has very importa
34、nt significance to peoples physical and mental development of education. First, education is the development of the most important external factors, education determines the direction of development and the level of human development. Education is a purposeful activity to cultivate people, to exclud
35、e the impact of external adverse factors, The younger generation towards a healthy and positive direction. School education plays a leading role in peoples physical and mental development, plays an important role in the objective, systematic, specialized and basic development of young people. Especi
36、ally selective school education, create favorable conditions and more possibilities for the development of training target selection, the choice of educational content, teaching methods, and the choice of means for the development of children and teenagers. However, we should also see the school edu
37、cation for the leading role of individual physical and mental development is not unlimited, must take the genetic quality as the basis, on the condition of the external 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - environment. Therefore, we should not be exaggerated. The role of educatio
38、n, it should be a realistic view of school education in the physical and mental development. four subjective initiative of the individual; The development of education and the environment on the individual physical and mental function, only through human activities, namely the exertion of subjective
39、 initiative of students can be achieved. Only the internal demand and external environment condition, the education combined, in order to realize human health and all-round development. Students subjective initiative is the inner self the power of individual physical and mental development. Only by
40、constantly improving self awareness, expanding social experience and enhance peoples initiative, the individual can consciously choose to develop their own goals, active control, arrange their actions, so as to realize the individual physical and mental health and harmonious development goals. There
41、fore, educators should timely to the students request, arouse students inner needs and motivation, and encourage students to take positive action to work hard, in order to effectively promote their physical and mental development. Three, the role of education in the development of individual body an
42、d mind 1 education promotes individuality and socialization of individuals 1. individual personalization 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Personalization is individual and unique performance. As individuals living in social life, habits, personality, personality and behavior
43、may not have the same. Personalized reflected in the predecessors on the basis of development and innovation, its core is the individual in social practice autonomy, initiative, unique and creative mining and ascend. The development of personalized education is mainly reflected in three aspects, nam
44、ely, education can promote peoples consciousness and the value of individual development and individual characteristics of the implementation. First, education can promote the formation of individual consciousness and enhance the ability of self education. This is the foundation to promote the indiv
45、idual education. Secondly, according to different the performance of the students of different psychological development level and the ability to promote the full development of individual differences, the development of individuality education. Thirdly, conducive to the development of creative acti
46、vities, the development of individual creativity, achieve a value. More knowledge, more capable, more moral, the value of individual life is high. 2., individual socialization The socialization of individual learning behavior, social internalization of social values, obtain knowledge and skills to adapt to social life, and the social value has become a part of self is the process of socialization without end point, it is a continuous process, and constantly adjust the individual cognition and the concept of social and individual behavior. 名师归纳总结 - -