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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Grammar Unit1. 不定代词（ Indefinite Pronouns）不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词；常见不定代词如下所示：some 一些 somebody 某人 someone 某人 something 某事；某物any 一些；任何 anybody 任何人 anyone 任何 人 anything 任何事物no 没有,无 nobody 没有人 no one 没有人 nothing 没什 么every 每个 everybody 每人；人人 everyone 每人 everything 每件事物；一切all 全体；全
2、部 each 每个（两者或以上） none 没人或物 （指两个以上）neither 两者都不 （谓单）either 两者中的任何一个（谓单） both 两者都 （谓复）others 另一个（些）another 另外一个；以一个 much 很多few 很少 a few 一些；几个 little 很少 a little 一些 one 一个（人或物）不定代词的用法中有几点需要留意上：1. some 和 any 既可修饰可数名词复数,也可修饰不行数名词；any 就多用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句；例如：some 多用于确定句,A: Are there any apples in the fridge.
3、B: Yes, there are some. / No, there arent any.A: Is there any water in the bottle. B: Yes, there is some water./ No, there isnt any water.但在 Would you like some tea. 这类问句中就用 话者期望得到对方确定的答复；some,而不用 any,这是由于问2. many, much, a lot of 均表示 “很多 ”；但 many 只修饰可数名词复数,much 只修饰不行数名词,而 a lot of 既可接可数名词复数,又可与不行数名词
4、连用；3. few 与 a few 是一对反义词,修饰可数名词复数；little 与 a little 也是一对反义词,修饰不行数名词；few 和 little 的意思是 “ 很少；几乎没有”,侧重 “否定 ”的含义； a few 和 a little 的意思是 “有一些 ”,侧重 “确定 ”的含义；例如：Dont worry. There is a little time to go. We took quite a few photos there. Few people know what happened. There is now little hope of success. 4.
5、 由 some, any, no, every 构成的 复合不定代词 作主语时, 都作 单数 看待,其谓语动词用 单数第三人称形式；例如：Something is wrong with my watch. Well, everyone wants to win. Nobody knows what the future will be like. There is something for everyone at Greenwood Park. 5. 除 no one 以外,其他复合不定代词都写成一个词；6. 不定代词如有定语修饰,该定语要置于其后；例如：Did anyone see som
6、ething good at the cinema. For lunch, we had something very special Malaysian yellow noodles. Do you have anything to say . 1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Unit2.频度副词（ Adverbs of Frequency）1.定义：频度副词是表示动作或状态显现的频率的副词,常用以回答how often 的提问；2.常见的频度副词：always 100% almost always usua
7、llyoftensometimeshardly everseldomnever0% always 总是,始终,始终100% almost 几乎总是95% always usually 通常,常常90% Sometimesoften 常常,常常70% sometimes 有时,不时40% hardly ever 几乎从不, 几乎不曾, 难得5% seldom （很少）0% never 从不,绝不3. 位置： 频度副词通常位于实意动词之前,be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后；有时可位于句首或句末；例如：Italways interesting to watch other people show t
8、heir talents. Tom doesnt usually eat breakfast at school. They hardly ever watch TV. Fewer people will do such jobs in the future because they are boring, but robots will never get bored. He sometimes gets up at 6:00. = Sometimes he gets up at 6:00. 表示频率的短语：4.once/ twice a week 一周一次 / 两次,three times
9、 a day 一天三次,5.every hour/ day/ week/ year 每小时 /每天 / 每周 /每年；提示：三次或三次以上一般用“基数词 +times ” 来表示；当对频度副词及大事发生频率的短语提问时,常用How often, 意为 “ 多久一次”6.例如：A: How often does Lisa go to the movies. B: Never.频率副词或短语通常与一般现在时连用,有时也与一般过去时连用；例如： I hardly ever stay up late. He always went to work by bus last year. Unit3.形容词
10、和副词的比较级和最高级 Adverbs）（ Comparative and Superlative Forms of Adjective and 1. 概念：大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：a.原级,即原形；b.比较级,表示 “较 ”或“更 一些 ”；c. 最高级,表示 “ 最 ” ；两者比较用比较级,三者或三者以上用最高级；2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 比较的对象必需属于同一性质或范畴的人或物；2. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成1）规章变化构成方法一般在词尾加 -er 或-est 原级比较级最高级hig
11、h higher highest tall taller tallest short shorter shortest 单 音 节 词 和部 分 双 音 节 词以字母e 结尾的词,在词尾slow slower slowest fine finer finest 加-r 或 -st late later latest 重读闭节词词尾只有一个辅big bigger biggest 音字母时,先双写该辅间字thin thinner thinnest 多 音 节 词 和部 分 双 音 节 词母,再加 -er 或-est fat fatter fattest 以 “辅音字母 +y” 结尾的双音easy
12、easier easiest 节词,先把 ” y”改为 ” i ” , 再加 -erfunny funnier funniest 或-est early earlier earliest beautiful more beautiful most beautiful 在词前加 more 或 most interesting more interesting most interesting comfortable more comfortable most comfortable comfortably more comfortably most comfortably 注：音节：一般情形,一
13、个单词有几个发音的元音字母就有几个音节；闭音节： 以一个或几个辅音字母结尾,而中间只有一个元音字母的音节；如该音节处在重读音节上,称为重读闭音节；2）不规章变化3.用法原级比较级最高级good/well better best bad/badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther .f :e.rfarthest .f :e.stfurther .f.:e .rfurthest .f.:e.stold older.ld .roldest. ld.stelder.eld.reldest.eld.st一、原级的
14、用法1 “甲+be+倍数 +as+形容词或副词原级+as+乙”表示 “甲和乙程度相同”或“ 甲是乙的几倍 ”例如, Tom is as old as Kate.汤姆和凯特年龄一样大；Tom is twice as old as Kate.汤姆的年龄是凯特的二倍；2 “甲+be+not+as/so+ 形容词或副词原级 +as+乙”甲不如乙 例如, This room is not as/so big as that one. 这个房间不如那个大；二、比较级的用法3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1 “甲+be+形容
15、词或副词比较级+than+乙” 表示 “ 甲比乙更 ”“甲+be+倍数 +形容词或副词比较级+than+ 乙”表示 “甲比乙 几倍 ”“甲+数词 +名词 +形容词或副词比较级+than+乙”表示 “甲比乙大几岁或高多少例如, Tom is taller than Kate.汤姆比凯特高；This room is three times bigger than that one. 这个房间比那个大三倍；He is two years older than me. 他比我大两岁；2比较级前用 much,a lot , far,得多 a little , a bit ,一点儿 even 甚至, st
16、ill 仍旧等词 修饰,加强语气；Her hair is much longer than mine. 她的头发比我长得多；3 “比较级 +and+比较级 ”表示 “越来越 ”；例如, He is getting taller and taller. 他变得越来越高了；The flowers are more and more beautiful. 花儿越来越美丽；He does his homework more and more carefully. 他做作业越来越仔细了；4 “the+ 比较级, the+比较级 ”表示 “越 ,越 ”；ll make. 你越仔细,犯的错误越少；例如, T
17、he more careful you are , the fewer mistakes you5 “甲+be +the+形容词比较级 +of the two+ ”表示 “ 甲是两者中较 的” ；Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.看那两个男孩,我弟弟是两个当中较高的那个；6 “甲+be+形容词或副词比较级 +than +any other+ 单数名词 +介词短语 ”表示 “ 甲比同一范畴的任何一个人 / 物都 ”,含义是 “甲最 ”；例如, The Yangtze River is longer than any
18、 other river in China. （长江,扬子江）He jumps higher than any other student in his class. 7 “特别疑问词 +be+形容词比较级,甲 or 乙？ ”例如, Which is bigger ,the earth or the moon ？哪一个大,地球仍是月球？“特别疑问词 +实意动词 +副词比较级,甲or 乙？ ”Who draws better,Jenny or Danny？Unit4.最高级及常用句型结构1 “主语 +be +the+形容词最高级 +单数名词 +in/of 短语 ” 表示 “ 是 中最 的” ；例
19、如, Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students. 汤姆是他们班上 / 全部同学当中最高的；2 “主语 +be +one of the+ 形容词最高级 +复数名词 +in/of 短语 ”表示 “ 是 中最 之一 ” ；例如, Beijing is one of the largest cities in China. 北京是中国最大城市之一；3 “特别疑问词 +be+the+最高级 +甲,乙, or 丙？ ”用于三者以上的比较；例 Which country is the largest ,China,Brazil or Canad
20、a？ 哪一个国家最大, 中国,巴西仍是加拿大？Which season do you like best ,spring,summer or autumn ？ 你最宠爱哪一个季节,春夏仍是秋？4形容词和副词最高级的意义也可以用比较级形式表达；常见的有：1形容词 /副词比较级 thanany other单数名词；如：Jack gets up earlier than any other student in our class.杰克在我们班起得最早；2形容词 /副词比较级 thanthe other复数名词；如：Linda is quieter than the other girls in h
21、er class. 琳达是她班上最寂静的女孩；注： 1.形容词最高级前必需加 the, 副词最高级前常省略 the ；2.形容词最高级前如有物主代词,指示代词或名词全部格等修饰时,不加定冠词 the. 易错题解析：1. I am more taller than him. I am taller than him. （比较级不能重叠）2. Taking buses in Beijing is than taking a taxi. A. more cheaper B. much cheaper C. a little cheap D. less cheaper 3. I am taller t
22、han any other student in my class. 比较级对象不能重叠 我比班里其他同学都高名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4. Your book is newer than me. Your book is newer than mine. 比较级对象要对等 Unit5 一、 What do/does sb.think of sth. ？句型的运用某人认为某物怎么样？其同义句型为“ How do/does sb.like sth. ？” 这一句型主要用于询问某人对某物的宠爱程度或看法；句中 t
23、hink of 意为“ 认为”,对这一句型的回答由某人对某物宠爱程度的高低来定,详细有 I love love 宠爱,很宠爱,相当于 like very much ；I like like 宠爱,所表示的宠爱程度比love 低；I dont mind dont mind 不介意,表示宠爱的程度低 ；I dont like dont like 不宠爱,宠爱程度为零 ；I cant stand cant stand 不能忍受,所表示的宠爱程度低于零,达到厌恶的地步 二、动词不定式作宾语的用法动词不定式的基本形式为“to动词原形”；动词不定式没有人称和数的变化；在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等；不定式
24、作宾语的用法特别广泛；很多动词都可以接这种宾语,结构为 “ 动词不定式”；常见动词有： ask,expect,plan,want,learn,need,hope, try,like ,begin,agree 等；下面的顺口溜能帮忙同学们记住这一用法：同意 agree做方案 plan,需要 need来帮忙 help；努力 try 多学习 learn,想要 want 有期望 hope,期盼 expect送希望 wish ；Unit6. 一般将来时 Simple Future Tense 1一般将来时的定义一般将来时表示在将来某一个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态,也可以表示准备好在将来要去做的动作；
25、一般将来时主要有两种表示形式：“ will 动词原形” 和“be going to 结构” ；本单元主要介绍“be going to 结构” ；2“be going to 结构” 的基本句式1确定句：主语 be going to 动词原形 其他如：I am going to play computer games next Sunday. 下周日我准备玩电脑嬉戏；2否定句：主语 be not going to 动词原形 其他如：He isnt going to see a film with us tonight. 今晚他不准备和我们一起去看电影；3一般疑问句： Be 主语 going to
26、动词原形 其他？确定回答： Yes,主语be. 否定回答： No,主语 be not.如：Are you going to watch talk shows after dinner ？晚饭后你们准备看访谈节目吗？Yes, we are./No,we arent.是的,我们准备看；/不,我们不准备看；4特别疑问句：特别疑问词 be 主语 going to 动词原形 其他？如：How are you going to learn English ？你准备怎样学习英语？3一般将来时的判定1句中有表示将来时间的状语时,用一般将来时；这样的时间状语有：“tomorrow 一类” ；如： tomorro
27、w morning ,at five oclock tomorrow afternoon “next 一类” ；如： next week ,at four next Friday afternoon “this 一类” ；如： at the end of this month 【温馨提示】this morning 常用于一般过去时；表示将来的短语或日期；如：soon,from now on ,in the future ,in a few days time ,in a moment,in the year 2022 ；如：The famous singer is going to have
28、a concert next month. 唱会；那个出名的歌手下个月将举办演名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - The kids are going to climb the mountains this weekend. 这个周末孩子们要去爬山；2有迹象说明或从句意判定出某一动作或状态是在将来发生或存在的,也用将来时；如：The boys are putting their books and pens in their backpacks.I think they are going to walk home.
29、那些男孩们正在把书和钢笔放进他们的背包里；我想他们将步行回家；注： 1）在口语中, will 常缩略为 ., will not 常缩略为 won t；2）在表示 “带意愿颜色的将来”时,常用助动词 will ；例如：I will tell you all about it. 3）在疑问句中, 主语为第一人称 （I 和 we）时,也常用助动词 shall；例如：When shall we have the party. shall；例如：I shall write 4）在书面语中, 主语为第一人称 （I 和 we）时,也常用助动词 you a letter next month. 但在口语中,全
30、部人称都可以用 will ；5）“be going to+动词原形 ” 也可能表示将要发生的动作或支配,或准备、方案、打算 要做的事；例如：The Smiths are going to see a Peking opera this evening. They re going to play volleyball next week. I m going to study medicine at a university. When are you going to work . I. 动词Verbs 1. 动词的种类 Kinds of Verbs 类别说明例句实义动词表示动作或状态,在句
31、中能独立作谓She has a new friend from Australia. Full Verbs 语；He takes the train every day. We leave for school at around seven. 连系动词不能独立作谓语, 必需与表语一起构成He is popular in school. Linking Verbs 谓语；Twins usually look the same. Threes turn green in spring. 助动词不能独立作谓语, 只能和主要动词一起I dont want to go for a drive. 否定
32、Auxiliary Verbs 构成谓语, 表示否定、 疑问、时态或其We are playing basketball. 进行时态 情态动词他语法形式；Do you like tomatoes. 疑问 不能独立作谓语, 只能和主要动词一起She can speak a little English. Modal Verbs 构成谓语,表示说话人的证据和情态；I think you should go to college. 情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化；II. 冠词（ Article ）Can you come to my party. 冠词是一种虚词,常放在名词前, 帮忙说明名词所指的人
33、或事物的含义；冠词本身不能单独使用,在句中一般不重读；冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两类；1. 不定冠词（ Indefinite Articles ）a/an 是不定冠词, a 用在发音以辅音开头的单词之前,如a book, a girl 等； an 就用在发音以元音开头的单词之前,如 an hour, an English teacher 等；留意：不定冠词只用于可数名词单数前；不定冠词的详细用法见下表：用法 例词或例句指人或事物的某一种类China is a very interesting country. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - -
34、- - - - - - It an action movie. 指某人或某物,但不详细说明何人或何物；Is there a bank near here. I found a small boy crying in the corner. We work five days a week. 表示 “一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one 强He has a big nose and two small eyes. 烈；用于某些固定词组中；a few, a little, a lot of, a moment ago 2. 定冠词（ Definite Article ）不论是单数名词仍是复数名词,也
35、不论是可数名词仍是不行数名词,其前均可用定冠 词 the；定冠词的主要用法见下表：用法 例词或例句特指其（些）人或某（些）物；指双方都知道的人或事物；指上下文提过的人或事物；用在世界上独一无二的事物前；Show me the photo of your family. The book on the desk is mine. How much are the red socks. They re eight dollars.First, cup up a tomato. Put the tomato on the bread. The sun is bigger than the moon.
36、 用在序数词和形容词最高级前；In the first photo, Im playing basketball at school.Whatthe best radio station. 用在由一般名词构成的专用名词前；the Great Wall, the Children s Palace 用在姓氏的复数形式前the Browns布朗一家人 the left/right, 用在乐器名称前；Can you play the guitar. 用在一些习惯用语中；in the morning/afternoon/evening, on the day before yesterday, all
37、 the same 3. 不用冠词的情形（Zero Article ）英语中在不少场合下名词前是不需要使用冠词的,有的语法书上把这种现象称做“ 零 冠词 ”；不用冠词的情形见下表：用法例词或例句anmen Square, milk, Miler s Clothes 在专出名词和不行数名词前；China, Tian Store, Class 9 名词前已有作定语的this, that, my, your, Its her ruler.some, any, each, every 等代词；复数名词表示一类人或事物时；在星期、月份、节日前；在称呼语、头衔和职务等名词前；How much are th
38、ese trousers. This book is really interesting. Some boys are playing in the snow. I think every home will have a robot. She thinks talk shows are wonderful. I like elephants because they are cute. Can you come to my party on Saturday. A special day in the United States is Thanksgiving. My science te
39、acher is Mr. Chen. Dont run in the hallways.Sorry, Ms. Clark. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 在一日三餐前；For lunch, she likes hamburgers, salad and oranges. 在球类运动的名称前；Can you play soccer. Do you play tennis. 用在某些固定词组中；at home/school, by train, go to school/bed, on time, at night/
40、noon, after class/school, be late for school III. 连词（ Conjunctions）用来连接词与词、短语与短语,以及句子与句子的虚词叫做连词；连词在句中不能单独作句子成分,一般不重读；连词按其性质可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词；1. 并列连词（ Coordinate Conjunctions ）并列连词是指用以连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子的连词； 常见的并列连词有： and, but, for, or, so, both and , not only but also 等,例如：Beck and her father often watch
41、 NBA games. Are you going to have a picnic on Saturday or Sunday. He got up very early this morning , but still hes late for school.2.从属连词（ Subordinate Conjunctions ）从属连词是指用以引导从句的连词；常见的从属连词有：when, while, as ,after, before, until, if , because, although, than, as soon as 等,例如：Adam always finishes his
42、 homework before he plays football. She can t go to school because she is ill today. 注： 在同一个句子中,thoughalthough 与 but、because 与 so 不行同时使用,例如： Though she was ill, but she was listening to the report carefully. 删去 but; 要么删去 though Because her parents died, so she had to make a living by herself. 删去 bec
43、ause;要么删去 so IV.句子的成分（ Parts of a Sentence）组成句子的名个部分叫做句子的成分,即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语；主语和谓语是句子的主体部分；句子成分意义例句主语表示句子所说的是“什么人 ”或“ 什么事物 ”,Lucy is an American girl. The Subject 一般由名词、 代词或相当于名词的词或短语She often goes to the movies. 等充当；谓语说明主语 “ 做什么 ” 、“ 是什么 ” 或者 “ 怎么样 ” ；We are both quiet. The Predicate 谓语（谓语部分主要的词）用动词,谓语和He has a toothache. 主语在 “ 人称 ”和“数” 两方面必需一样；His parents teach math. 表语说明主语 “ 是什么 ”或者 “怎么样 ”,由名词、Her mother is a bank clerk . The Predicative 形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语Are you ready.