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1、Eugene ONeill(1888-1935)Eugene ONeill is unquestionably Americas greatest playwright. He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize (1936). He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama.”Life (1) 1888, born in a Broadway hotel, which later became k
2、nown as Times Square. Educated by tours for his first seven years with his father. In 1895,he entered a strict Catholic boarding school where he rebelled the demands of school and religion.1906, went to Princeton University. Was kicked out after his first year owing to poor academics and heavy drink
3、ing.Life (2)1910, became a seaman. His wife, Kathleen, gave birth a son who met his father when he was 11.1912, he attempted suicide in his room. He and Kathleen divorced. He contracted tuberculosis（TB） and he lived in a tubercular sanatorium(疗养院 )for 6 months. Read a lot of plays.1914-1915, studied
4、 in Prof. George P. Bakers workshop, Harvard University.Life (3)1918,ONeill married his second wife, writer Agnes Boulton, with whom he had two children, Shane and Oona.1920, published his first long play, which established his fame as a creative playwright.1928, he left his wife Agnes and set sail
5、to Europe and in 1929,he married Carlotta. won the for Literature.His death and influencesIn 1953, his health falling, he lived his last days in a hotel room. He died on November 27, 1953.-Long Days Journey Into Night长日终入夜长日终入夜 should not be published until 25 years after his death. But is was publi
6、shed in 1956, and won Pulitzer Prize in the same year.His plays have great influence on Tennessee Williams, William Inge, Edward Albee and Cao Yu, ect.Expressionism Expressionism （表现主义）（表现主义） It is used to describe the works of art and literature in which the representation of reality is distorted t
7、o communicate an inner vision, transforming nature rather than imitating it. In literature it is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism, a seeking to achieve a psychological or spiritual reality rather than to record external events. In drama, the expressionist work was characteriz
8、ed by a bizarre distortion of reality. Expressionist writers concern was with general truth rather than with particular situations, hence they explored in their plays the predicaments(困境） of representative symbolic types rather than of fully developed individualized characters. Expressionism Express
9、ionism （表现主义）（表现主义）Emphasis was laid on the internal, on an individuals mental state-the emotional content, the subjective reactions of characters, and symbolic or abstract representations of reality; hence the imitation of life is replaced in Expressionist drama by the ecstatic evocation of states
10、of mind. In America, Eugene ONeills Emperor Jones, The Hairy Ape, etc. are typical plays that employ Expressionism to highlight the theatrical effect of the rupture（破裂） between the two sides of an individual human being, the private and the public. The movement, though short-lived, gave impetus to a
11、 free form of writing and of theatrical production.Chief features of ExpressionismChief features of ExpressionismThe artist is not concerned with reality as it appears but with its inner nature and with the emotions aroused by the subject. To achieve these ends, the subject is frequently caricatured
12、, exaggerated, distorted, or otherwise altered in order to stress the emotional experience in its most intense and concentrated form.Desire under the Elms 榆树下的欲望vDesire Under the Elms (1925) alludes to themes of Greek mythology and uses New England farm life as the setting for a tragic tale involvin
13、g adultery(通奸）, incest（乱伦）, and infanticide（杀婴）.Background In the late 19th and early 20th century, the capitalist primitive accumulation and the development of personality stimulated the desires of luxurious living, money, love and possession. People crazily pursued the material wealth. The satisfa
14、ction of these desires strongly impacted on traditional religion, ethic and morality. These caused all sorts of tragedy at that time.Desire under the Elms 榆树下的欲望vDesire Under the Elms was performed in New Yorks Broadway Theater for thirty-six weeks on end in the year 1925.vDesire Under the Elms tell
15、s a story of a ruthless struggle for family property, a farm and the mansion, between father and sons, between husband and wife, between brothers, and between lovers.CharactersEphraim Cabot75 year old fatherAbbie Putnam(his third wife)Simeon ,Peter(his sons of the first wife)Eben(his son of the seco
16、nd wife)The loversThe 75 year-old father CabotSimeon and Peter:Two sons of Cabots first wifeAbbie and EbenSynopsis (1) Widower Ephraim Cabot abandons his New England farm to his three sons, who hate him but share his greed. Eben, the youngest and brightest sibling, feels the farm is his birthright,
17、as it originally belonged to his mother. Synopsis 2) Eben buys out his half-brothers shares of the farm with money stolen from his father, and Peter and Simeon head off to California to seek their fortune.Synopsis 3) Later, Ephraim returns with a new wife, the beautiful and headstrong Abbie, who ent
18、ers into an adulterous(不忠贞的 )affair with Eben. Soon after, Abbie bears Ebens child, but lets Ephraim believe that the child is his, in the hopes of securing her future with the farm. The proud Ephraim is oblivious as his neighbors openly mock him as a cuckold. Synopsis 4) Madly in love with Eben and
19、 fearful it would become an obstacle to their relationship, Abbie kills the infant. An enraged (激怒的)and distraught(烦恼的) Eben turns Abbie over to the sheriff, but not before admitting to himself the depths of his love for her and thus confessing his own role in the infanticide(杀婴）.Dramatic conflictDr
20、amatic conflict （戏剧冲突） Good drama shows characters in confrontation in dynamic relationships that emphasize the differences are force them to transform. Good dramatic conflict pushes characters to express human qualities that reveal a deeper understanding of the story, ourselves and the world around
21、 us. Common examples of conflicts Common examples of conflicts from WIKIPEDIA from WIKIPEDIA Man Vs. Self Person Vs. PersonMan Vs. SocietyMan Vs. NatureMan Vs. Machine/ TechnologyMan Vs. Destiny Ephraim CabotSimeon & PeterEbenAbbieFreytags Analysis P & S go to California They returnAbbie seduces Ebe
22、n;Abbie falls in love with Eben;Abbie has a babyNeighbour mock at CabotAbbie kills the babyEben denounces Abbie to the sheriffThey face their judgment togetherCentral conflict in this playCentral conflict in this playtrue love Vs. property (fortune) & kindred feeling (ties of blood)Abbie kills the b
23、abyTheme AnalysisvThe play uses ancient Greek themes of murder and fateful retribution (报应）报应）upon the sinners. vJust as fate leads to a Greek tragedy, the emotional forces of such human desires as jealousy, resentment, lust, and incestuous （乱伦的（乱伦的 ）love result in the fatal tragedy in Desire Under
24、the Elms. Desire for wealth makes people lose balance of a healthy mindvIn this drama, every character appearing on the stage shows a desire for wealth. vCabot is a typical representative of Puritans. vHe was selfish, cheap（小气的）（小气的）, cruel and hard（冷酷无情的）（冷酷无情的）. He got properties through his marri
25、age and forced his two ex-wives to work extremely hard until they were abused to death. Desire for wealth makes people lose balance of a healthy mindvDesire for wealth drove Simeon and Peter to California.vIt also drove Abbie to marry Cabot, a rather old man, so that she can get Cabots property. It is from her desire that all the tragedy begin.Desire for true love can transcend any other human desires. v“Desire” in the title of the drama not only refers to desire for wealth but also includes desire for love. This theme is mostly implied in Abbie and Eben.