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1、2021年浙江职称英语考试真题卷（2）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.第三篇 WaterThe second most important constituent (构成成份) of the biosphere (生物圈) is liquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures, since water freezes at 0 and boils at 100. Life as
2、we know it would only be possible on the surface of a planet which had temperatures somewhere within this narrow range.The earths supply of water probably remains fairly constant in quantity. The total quantity of water is not known very accurately, but it is about enough to cover the surface of the
3、 globe to a depth of about two and three-quarter kilometers. Most of it is in the form of the salt water of the oceans about 97 percent. The rest is fresh, but three quarters of this is in the form of ice at the Poles and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems until melted. Of the remain
4、ing fractional which is somewhat less than one per cent of the whole, there is 1020 times as much stored underground water as there is actually on the surface. There is also a tiny, but extremely important fraction of the water supply which is present as water vapor in the atmosphere.Water vapor in
5、the atmosphere is the channel through which the whole water circulation (循环) of the biosphere has to pass. Water evaporated (蒸发) from the surface of the oceans, from lakes and rivers and from moist (潮湿的) earth is added to it. From it the water comes out again as rain or snow, falling on either the s
6、ea or the land. There is, as might be expected, a more intensive evaporation per unit area over the sea and oceans than over the land, but there is more rainfall over the land than over the oceans, and the balance is restored by the runoff from the land in the form of rivers.The total quantity of wa
7、ter on EarthAremains almost unchanged.Bhas greatly increased in recent years.Cis decreasing constantly.Dis affected by global warming. 2.第一篇 Light Night, Dark StarsThousands of people around the globe step outside to gaze at their night sky. On a clear night, with no clouds, moonlight, or artificial
8、 lights to block the view, people can see more than 14,000 stars in the sky, says Dennis Ward, an astronomer (天文学家) with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) in Boulder, Colo. But when people are surrounded by city lights, he says, theyre lucky to see 150 stars.If youve ever dr
9、iven toward a big city at night and seen its glow from a great distance, youve witnessed light pollution. It occurs when light from streetlights, office buildings, signs, and other sources streams into space and illuminates (照亮) the night sky. This haze (薄雾) of light makes many stars invisible to pe
10、ople on Earth. Even at night, big cities like New York glow from light pollution, making stargazing difficult.Dust and particles of pollution from factories and industries worsen the effects of light pollution. If one city has a lot more light pollution than another, Ward says, that city will suffer
11、 the effects of light pollution on a much greater scale.Hazy skies also make it far more difficult for astronomers to do their jobs.Cities are getting larger. Suburbs are growing in once dark, rural areas. Light from all this new development is increasingly obscuring (使变模糊) the faint (微弱的) light giv
12、en off by distant stars. And if scientists cant locate these objects, they cant learn more about them.Light pollution doesnt only affect star visibility. It can harm wildlife too. Its clear that artificial light can attract animals, making them go off course. Theres increasing evidence, for example,
13、 that migrating (迁徙) birds use sunsets and sunrises to help find their way, says Sydney Gauthreaux Jr., a scientist at Clemson University in South Carolina. When light occurs at night, he says, it has a very disruptive (破坏性的) influence. Sometimes birds fly into lighted towers, high-rises, and cables
14、 from radio and television towers. Experts estimate that millions of birds die this way every year.Light pollution occurs whenAartificial lights illuminate the night sky.Bthe moon lights up the night sky.Ctoo many stars are visible in the night sky.Dstreetlights are turned off. 3.A Bad IdeaThink you
15、 can walk, drive, take phone calls, e-mail and listen to music at the same time Well, New Yorks new law says you cant._(46) The law went into force last month, following research and a shocking number of accidents that involved people using electronic gadgets (小巧机械) when crossing the street.Whos to
16、blame _ (47) We are under the impression that our brain can do more than it often can, says Rene Marois, a neuroscientist (神经科学家) in Tennessee. But a core limitation is the inability to concentrate on two things at once.The young people are often considered the great multitaskers. _(48), A group of
17、18- to 21-year-olds and a group of 35- to 39-year-olds were given 90 seconds to translate images into numbers, using a simple code. _ (49) But when both groups were interrupted by a phone call or an instant message, the older group matched the younger group in speed and accuracy.It is difficult to m
18、easure the productivity lost by multitaskers. But it is probably a lot. Jonathan Spira, chief analyst at Basex, a business-research firm, estimates the cost of interruptions to the American economy at nearly $650 billion a year. _ (50)The surveys conclude that 28 percent of the workers time was spen
19、t on interruptions and recovery time before they returned to their main tasks.ATalking on a cellphone while driving brings you joy anywayBThe estimate is based on surveys with office workersCThe younger group did 10 percent better when not interruptedDHowever, an Oxford University research suggests
20、this perception is open to question.EScientists say that our multitasking (多任务处理) abilities are limitedFAnd youll be fined $100 if you do so on a New York City street 4.Meet Your Memory1Memory is something that cannot be seen, touched or weighed. It is thought to be abstract. It is a set of skills r
21、ather than an object. Neither is there a single standard for judging a good or poor memory. There are a number of different ways in which a person may have a good memory.2Memory is generally viewed as consisting of three stages: (1) acquisition refers to learning the material; (2) storage refers to
22、keeping the material in the brain until it is needed; and (3) retrieval (提取) refers to getting the material back out when it is needed.3Memory consists of at least two different processes: short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory has a limited capacity and a rapid forgetting rate. I
23、ts capacity can be increased by chunking (组成大块), or grouping separate bits of information into larger chunks. Long-term memory has an almost unlimited capacity.4One measure of memory is recall, which requires you to produce information by searching the memory for it. In aided recall, you are given c
24、ues (提示) to help you produce the information. In free-recall learning you recall the material in any order; in serial learning you recall it in the order it was presented; and in paired-associate learning you learn pairs of words so that when the first word is given you can recall the second word. A
25、 second measure of memory is recognition, in which you do not have to produce the information from memory, but must be able to identify it when it is presented to you. In a third measure of memory, relearning, the difference between how long it took to learn the material the first time and how long
26、it takes to learn it again indicates how much you remember. Relearning is generally a more sensitive measure of memory than is recognition because relearning shows retention (保持) while recognition does not. Recognition is generally a more sensitive measure than recall.23Paragraph 1_24Paragraph 2_25P
27、aragraph 3_26Paragraph 4_AWhy do we forget thingsBHow do we measure memoryCWhat are the stages memory consists ofDWhat is the difference between short-term memory and long-term memoryEWhat is memoryFWho may have a poor memory27Remembering involves getting the material back out when it is_. 28Groupin
28、g bits of information into larger chunks helps improve the capacity of our_ 29Long-term memory has an almost unlimited capacity and a _ 30As a measure of memory, relearning is more sensitive than _Ashort-term memoryBrelearningCneededDcodedErecognitionFslow forgetting rate 5.Radiocarbon DatingNowaday
29、s scientists can answer many questions about the past through a technique called radiocarbon (放射性碳), or carbon-14, dating. One key to understanding how and by something happened is to discover when it happened.Radiocarbon dating was developed in the late 1940s by physicist Willard F. Libby at he Uni
30、versity of Chicago. An atom of ordinary carbon, called carbon-12, has six protons(质子) and six neutrons (中子) in its nucleus(原子核). Carbon-14, or C-14, is a radioactive, unstable form of carbon that has two extra neutrons. It returns to a more stable form of carbon through a process called decay (衰减).
31、This process involves the loss of he extra neutrons and energy from the nucleus.In Libbys radiocarbon dating technique, the weak radioactive emissions (放射) from this decay process are counted by instruments such as a radiation detector and counter. The decay rate is used to determine the proportion
32、of C-14 atoms in the sample being dated.Carbon-14 is produced in the Earths atmosphere when nitrogen (氮)-14, or N-14,interacts with cosmic rays (宇宙射线). Scientists believe since the Earth was formed, the mount of nitrogen in the atmosphere has remained constant. Consequently, C-14 formation is though
33、t to occur at a constant rate. Now the ratio of C-14 to other carbon toms in the atmosphere is known. Most scientists agree that this ratio is useful for dating items back to at least 50,000 years.All life on Earth is made of organic molecules (分子) that contain carbon atoms coming from the atmospher
34、e. So all living things have about the same ratio of C-14 atoms to other carbon atoms in their tissues (组织). Once an organism (有机体) dies it stops taking in carbon in any form, and the C-14 already present begins to decay. Over time the amount of C-14 in the material decreases, and the ratio of C-14
35、to other carbon atoms goes down. In terms of radiocarbon dating, the fewer C-14 atoms in a sample, the older that sample is.An atom of ordinary carbon has six protons and eight neutronsARightBWrongCNot mentioned 6.第一篇 Light Night, Dark StarsThousands of people around the globe step outside to gaze a
36、t their night sky. On a clear night, with no clouds, moonlight, or artificial lights to block the view, people can see more than 14,000 stars in the sky, says Dennis Ward, an astronomer (天文学家) with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) in Boulder, Colo. But when people are surro
37、unded by city lights, he says, theyre lucky to see 150 stars.If youve ever driven toward a big city at night and seen its glow from a great distance, youve witnessed light pollution. It occurs when light from streetlights, office buildings, signs, and other sources streams into space and illuminates
38、 (照亮) the night sky. This haze (薄雾) of light makes many stars invisible to people on Earth. Even at night, big cities like New York glow from light pollution, making stargazing difficult.Dust and particles of pollution from factories and industries worsen the effects of light pollution. If one city
39、has a lot more light pollution than another, Ward says, that city will suffer the effects of light pollution on a much greater scale.Hazy skies also make it far more difficult for astronomers to do their jobs.Cities are getting larger. Suburbs are growing in once dark, rural areas. Light from all th
40、is new development is increasingly obscuring (使变模糊) the faint (微弱的) light given off by distant stars. And if scientists cant locate these objects, they cant learn more about them.Light pollution doesnt only affect star visibility. It can harm wildlife too. Its clear that artificial light can attract
41、 animals, making them go off course. Theres increasing evidence, for example, that migrating (迁徙) birds use sunsets and sunrises to help find their way, says Sydney Gauthreaux Jr., a scientist at Clemson University in South Carolina. When light occurs at night, he says, it has a very disruptive (破坏性
42、的) influence. Sometimes birds fly into lighted towers, high-rises, and cables from radio and television towers. Experts estimate that millions of birds die this way every year.Nowadays even suburbs are becoming unsuitable for scientists to do their jobs becauseAthe night sky there is too dark.Bthe o
43、nce dark areas are also polluted by lights.Cthese areas are not polluted by chemicals.Dthese areas are less developed. 7.第三篇 WaterThe second most important constituent (构成成份) of the biosphere (生物圈) is liquid water. This can only exist in a very narrow range of temperatures, since water freezes at 0
44、and boils at 100. Life as we know it would only be possible on the surface of a planet which had temperatures somewhere within this narrow range.The earths supply of water probably remains fairly constant in quantity. The total quantity of water is not known very accurately, but it is about enough t
45、o cover the surface of the globe to a depth of about two and three-quarter kilometers. Most of it is in the form of the salt water of the oceans about 97 percent. The rest is fresh, but three quarters of this is in the form of ice at the Poles and on mountains, and cannot be used by living systems u
46、ntil melted. Of the remaining fractional which is somewhat less than one per cent of the whole, there is 1020 times as much stored underground water as there is actually on the surface. There is also a tiny, but extremely important fraction of the water supply which is present as water vapor in the
47、atmosphere.Water vapor in the atmosphere is the channel through which the whole water circulation (循环) of the biosphere has to pass. Water evaporated (蒸发) from the surface of the oceans, from lakes and rivers and from moist (潮湿的) earth is added to it. From it the water comes out again as rain or sno
48、w, falling on either the sea or the land. There is, as might be expected, a more intensive evaporation per unit area over the sea and oceans than over the land, but there is more rainfall over the land than over the oceans, and the balance is restored by the runoff from the land in the form of rivers.Most of the fresh water on EarthAis stored underground.Bis in the form of ice at the Poles and