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1、 Review Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structure Theoretical Mechanics Mechanics of Materials Structural Mechanics Civil Engineering welding of steel structure multi-story building drive a pile total settlement relative settlement rebar (reinforcing bar) stress and strain yield strength ultimate st
2、rength Among its subdivisions are structural engineering, dealing with permanent structures; hydraulic engineering, dealing with the flow of water and other fluids; and environment/sanitary engineering, dealing with water supply, water purification, and sewer system, as well as urban planning and de
3、sign. 它又可分为结构工程，主要研究永久性建筑；水利工程，主要研究水和其他流体的流动；环境/卫生工程，主要研究水的供应、净化和排水系统，以及城市规划与设计。 The term “civil engineering” originally came into use to distinguish it from military engineering. Civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for civilian uses, whereas military engineering dealt with temporary s
4、tructures for military uses. The term “civil engineering” originally came into use to distinguish it from military engineering. Civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for civilian uses, whereas military engineering dealt with temporary structures for military uses. 使用“土木工程”这个词的目的是要将其与军事工程
5、相区别。土木工程涉及民用的永久性建筑；而军事工程主要研究军用的临时性建筑。 Civil engineering offers a particular challenge because almost every structure or system that is designed and built by civil engineers is unique. One structure rarely duplicates another exactly. Civil engineering offers a particular challenge because almost ever
6、y structure or system that is designed and built by civil engineers is unique. One structure rarely duplicates another exactly. 土木工程学科特别具有挑战性，这是由于工程师设计和建造的每一幢建筑物或每一个系统几乎都是独一无二的，一种结构几乎不可能与另一种结构完全相同。 Even when structures seem to be identical, site requirement or other factors generally result in modif
7、ication. Large structures like dams, bridges, or tunnels may differ substantially from previous structures. Even when structures seem to be identical, site requirement or other factors generally result in modification. Large structures like dams, bridges, or tunnels may differ substantially from pre
8、vious structures. 即便外表看上去相同的建筑物，由于场地要求或其他因素的改变通常会导致设计方案的不同。大型建筑物如堤坝、桥梁或隧道工程，可能与以前的结构有实质差异。 Engineers must be willing to undergo a continual process of education and be able to work in other disciplines. They must also adapt themselves to two requirements of all engineering projects. Engineers must b
9、e willing to undergo a continual process of education and be able to work in other disciplines. They must also adapt themselves to two requirements of all engineering projects. 工程师必须愿意接受继续教育并且能够在其他领域工作。他们必须具有工程技术所要求的两个必要条件。 First, the system that engineers produce must be workable not only from a te
10、chnical but also from an economic point of view. This means that engineers must cooperate with management and government officials who are very cost-conscious. First, the system that engineers produce must be workable not only from a technical but also from an economic point of view. This means that
11、 engineers must cooperate with management and government officials who are very cost-conscious. 其一是工程师所提出的措施必须在技术和经济方面均可行，这意味着他们要与关注经济成本的管理人员和政府官员合作。 Second, the public in general has become much more aware of the social and environmental consequences of engineering project, and of the hidden or del
12、ayed hazards in new products, processes, and many other aspects of civil engineering system. Second, the public in general has become much more aware of the social and environmental consequences of engineering project, and of the hidden or delayed hazards in new products, processes, and many other a
13、spects of civil engineering system. 其二，公众通常更关心工程产品对社会和环境产生的影响，以及新产品、建设过程本身和许多其他在土木工程系统中所隐含的或后显的危害性。 Engineers are required to have solid knowledge of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. Engineers are required t
14、o have solid knowledge of mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. 工程师要具有牢固的数学、物理和化学知识。在工程学中，数学是非常重要的，要予以重点强调。 A current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts. The
15、 work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways, of which he or she should be aware. A current trend is to require students to take courses in the social sciences and the language arts. The work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and import
16、ant ways, of which he or she should be aware. 未来的流行趋势是要求学生学习社会科学和语言艺术方面的课程。一个工程师所做的工作，会在他所能意识到的许多不同的而且重要的方面，对社会产生影响。 An engineer also needs a sufficient command of language be able to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases, persuasive. An engineer engaged in research will need to be able
17、to write up his or her findings for scientific publications. An engineer also needs a sufficient command of language be able to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases, persuasive. An engineer engaged in research will need to be able to write up his or her findings for scientific publicati
18、ons. 工程师还需要掌握充分的语言知识，这使他能够写成一篇思路清晰并在很多情况下极具说服力的报告。从事研究的工程师应能将其发现著成论文，并在科学刊物上发表。 A civil engineer is a member of the civil engineering profession. They may work in research design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in sales or management. Each of these areas involves different duties, di
19、fferent emphases, and different uses of the engineers knowledge and experience. A civil engineer is a member of the civil engineering profession. They may work in research design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in sales or management. Each of these areas involves different duties, di
20、fferent emphases, and different uses of the engineers knowledge and experience. 土木工程师是土木工程专业人员，他们可以从事研究设计、工程监理、维护维修、甚至销售或管理等工作。每个领域有不同的职责、不同的侧重点，运用的工程知识和经验也不同。Classroom Exercises Much of the work of civil engineers is carried out outdoors, often in rugged and difficult terrain or under dangerous con
21、ditions. Surveying is an outdoor occupation, for example, and dams are often built in wild river valleys. Bridges, tunnels, and skyscraper under construction can also be dangerous places to work. In addition, the work must progress under all kinds of weather conditions. The prospective civil enginee
22、r should be aware of the physical demands that will be made on him or her. 1, rugged rid adj. 崎岖的；坚固的；高低不平的；粗糙的 2, terrain terein, t-, terein n. 地形，地势；领域；地带 3, surveying sveii, s:- n. （土地）测量；考察 4, river valley 河谷；山涧 5, skyscraper skai,skreip n. 摩天楼，超高层大楼；特别高的东西 6, under construction 在建造中；正在施工之中 7, in addition 另外，此外 8, progress prures, pr-, prures n. 进步，发展；前进 9, prospective pruspektiv adj. 未来的；预期的 n. 预期；展望