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1、名词性从句所谓名词性从句即是因为该从句具有名词的性质与功能，故以名词性从句来命名。四类从句判定的依据主要根据从句所处的位置关系来进行。名词性从句一共分为四类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。二、 引导名词性从句的引导词我们可以把名词性从句的引导词归为三类：(1)连接词：that; whether; if(2)连接代词：what; which; who; whom; whose; whatever; whichever; whoever(3)连接副词： when; where; why; how; how long; how soon; how much; how many; how
2、far等that在名词性从句中只起引导作用，不在从句中充当任何成分，本身无含义。引导宾语从句时，第一个宾语从句的that 可以省略；whether引导名词性从句时也只在从句中起引导作用，不在从句中充当任何成分，但是其本身的含义为“是否”； if通常只能引导名词性从句中的宾语从句，且只引导动词与形容词后面的宾语从句，而不能引导介词后面的宾语从句。if也可以引导it作形式主语的主语从句， if在从句中起引导作用，不在从句中作任何成分，其本身的含义为“是否”。需在从句中充当一定的成分，连接代词通常在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。注意who与whoever, what与which的区别。也在
3、从句中充当一定的成分，通常在从句中充当状语。主语从句就是指在主句中充当句子主语的从句。 例如：(1)Whether_it_is_necessary_to_hold_another_meeting_to_discuss_the_topic hasnt been approved by the committee.是否有必要再举行一次会议来讨论这个话题还没有得到委员会的批准。(引导词whether在主语从句中起引导作用，不充当任何成分。)(2)That_he_didnt_pass_the_driving_test_again made his parents very upset.他再次没有通过驾
4、驶考试让他的父母很沮丧。(引导词that在主语从句中起引导作用，不充当任何成分。)(3)Whichever_team_wins_on_Saturday will go through to the national championships.无论哪一支队伍周六赢了比赛将会进入国家锦标赛。(引导词whichever在主语从句中充当定语)(4)Whoever_wants_to_stay_in_a_hotel has to pay their own way.Anyone who wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.任何想留在酒店的人
5、都必须自己付费。(引导词whoever在主语从句中充当主语)【比较】Those_who_leave_the_room_last ought to make sure that the windows are closed and the door locked.最后离开房间的人必须要确保门窗都锁了。(5)What_she_couldnt_understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.她所不能理解的是为什么越来越少的学生对她的课感兴趣。(引导词what在主语从句中充当宾语)(6)Where_w
6、e_can_look_up_his_address is still a problem.我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是一个问题。(引导词where在主语从句中充当地点状语)(7)Why_the_sun_in_the_morning_looks_bigger_than_that_at_noon is very interesting.为什么早上的太阳看起来比中午的大很令人感兴趣。(引导词why在主语从句中充当原因状语)(8)How_he_managed_to_finish_the_job is of no interest to us all.我们对于他是怎样成功完成工作的都不感兴趣。(引导词
7、how在主语从句中充当方式状语)【注意】 if 不能引导位于句首的主语从句，但是it作形式主语而后置的主语从句可用if来引导。(1)Whether it is going to clear up keeps me wondering.(只能用whether)我很纳闷天空是否会放晴。(2)It is not clear to me whether/if she likes the present.(whether和if均可)我不清楚她是否喜欢那个礼物。【考点一】判定主语从句的引导词高考试题对于从句的考查往往要求判定使用哪一个引导词来引导主语从句。这主要根据各引导词在从句中的功能和作用来判定。【即
8、时巩固】(1)_ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the culture differences from one aspect.(2)_Barbara Jones offers to her fans are honesty and happiness.(3)_ there are living creatures in the outer space as those on Earth hasnt been proved until now.【考点二】it作形式主语在主语从句中常常可以使用it来作形式主语，而把真正的主
9、语(一个主语从句)放置到后面去。例如：(1)The Foreign Minster said, “It is our hope that_the_two_sides_will_work_towards_peace”外交部长说，双方努力争取和平是我们的希望。(It为形式主语，而that引导的从句为真正的主语)(2)It is still under discussion whether_the_old_bus_station_should_be_replaced_with_a_modern_hotel_or_not旧车站是否应该被现代化的宾馆取代还在讨论中。(3)It is uncertain
10、what_side_effect_the_medicine_will_bring_about,_although about two thousand patients have taken it.这种药会带来怎样的副作用还不确定，尽管大约2000个病人已经服了这种药。【即时巩固】(4)Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious _ the problem itself is.(5)It was never clear _ the man hadnt reported the accident sooner.(6)It is obvio
11、us to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future.(7)It is not immediately clear _ the financial crisis will soon be over.所谓宾语从句是指跟在及物动词后面、介词后面以及一些表示情感意义的或确信意义的形容词(afraid, glad, happy, pleased, sorry, anxious, worried, surprised, disappointed, certain, sure等)后面的从句。例如：(1)With his wo
12、rk completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased that_he_was_a_man_of_action工作完成了，那个商人走回座位，对于自己是个善于行动的人感到很满意。(形容词后面跟宾语从句，此时引导词that可省略)(2)A modern city has been set up in what_was_a_wasteland_ten_years_ago一个现代化的城市已经在10年前的一块荒地上被建了起来。(引导词what在宾语从句中充当主语)(3)He spoke proudly of his
13、part in the game, without mentioning what_his_teammates_had_done他对自己在比赛中的角色很自豪，没有提及他的队友所做的事情。(引导词what在宾语从句中充当宾语)(4)It is not always easy for the public to see what_use_a_new_invention_can_be_of_to_human_life对于公众而言，要看出一个新发明对于人类生活可能有怎样的作用并不总是很容易的。(引导词what在宾语从句中充当定语)(5)There is disagreement among econo
14、mists about what_money_is_and_how_money_is_measured经济学家中关于什么是钱以及钱是如何衡量的存在分歧。(引导词what在宾语从句中充当表语；引导词how在宾语从句中充当方式状语)(6)Mary wrote an article on why_the_team_had_failed_to_win_the_game玛丽写了一篇关于为什么这个队没有赢得比赛的文章。(引导词why在宾语从句中充当原因状语)(7)She will write a book on how_young_mother_should_raise_their_babies她将会写一
15、本关于年轻的妈妈应该如何抚养孩子的书。(引导词how在宾语从句中充当方式状语)(8)At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see if_it_got_any_better起初他讨厌这份新工作，但是后来决定给自己几个月来看看情况是否会变好一些。(if在宾语从句中只起引导作用，不充当任何成分)(9)We havent settled the question of whether_it_is_necessary_for_him_to_study_abroad我们还没有解决是否有必要让他出国
16、学习的问题。(引导词whether在宾语从句中只起引导作用，不充当任何成分)【考点一】宾语从句引导词的判定判定宾语从句中的引导词，主要依据该引导词在宾语从句中充当何种成分以及该引导词的含义是否符合该宾语从句的上下文的逻辑意义。【即时巩固】(8)How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on _ he goes with, whether his friends or relatives.(9)The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact oppo
17、site of _ others actually understand.(10)Weve offered her the job, but I dont know _ shell accept it.【考点二】it作形式宾语在宾语从句中，常可以使用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语放到后面。能带“宾语宾补”的动词常可以使用it作形式宾语，这样的动词有make, find, feel, believe, think, suppose, consider, see to等。例如：(1)We all consider it important that_children_should_take_ple
18、nty_of_milk_as_they_grow我们都认为孩子在长身体时多喝牛奶是非常重要的。(2)We find it necessary that_we_(should)_practice_spoken_English_every_day我们发现每天练习英语口语很有必要。所谓表语从句是指跟在系动词后面充当句子表语的从句。(1)Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, when it was so poorly equipped.那个学校已经发生了巨大的变化
19、。它已经不再是20年前的样子了，那个时候它装备得很差。(引导词what在表语从句中充当表语)(2)Actually, girls can be whatever they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, an astronaut, or a manager.实际上，女孩可以和男孩一样想从事什么职业就从事什么职业不管是飞行员、宇航员还是经理。(引导词whatever在表语从句中充当表语)(3)The question is whether we can reduce the cost of the product.问题是我们能否
20、降低产品的成本。(引导词whether仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)(4)My suggestion is that we (should) have a discussion about this matter instead of just laying it aside.我的建议就是我们应当讨论一下这个问题，而不应把它放在一边。(引导词that仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)(5)I am afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is why he never finishes anything.恐怕他是个健谈者而不是实干家，这就是他完
21、不成任何事情的原因。(引导词why在表语从句中充当原因状语)(6)The problem is how we can improve our reading skills in such a short time.问题是我们如何在这么短的时间内提高我们的阅读能力。(引导词how在表语从句中充当方式状语)(7)The most urgent problem at present is who will take the place of the manager after he retires next month.目前最紧迫的问题是经理下个月退休后谁来代替他。(引导词who在表语从句中充当主语
22、)(8)The most urgent problem we need to solve at the moment is where we will put up for the night in this completely dark mountain area.当前我们需要解决的最紧急的问题是，在这个漆黑的山区我们将暂时在哪里过夜。(引导词where在表语从句中充当地点状语)【注意】 当主句主语是reason时，表语从句一般由that引导，而不用why或because。这种用法常见于句型：The reason why.is that.。The reason why we have to
23、 grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们为什么必须要种树的理由是树可以给我们提供新鲜的空气。除上述的词以外， because, as if, as though等也可引导表语从句。(1)He has lung cancer. That is because he has been smoking too much.他患有肺癌，那是因为他抽烟太多了。【比较】He didnt work hard. That is why he failed the exam.他学习不努力，那就是为什么他考试失败了。(2)They looked
24、as if/though they had been friends for many years.他们看起来好像是很多年的朋友了。【注意】 if不能引导表语从句。【即时巩固】(11)One reason for her preference for city life is _ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.(12)I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.Thats _ I dont agree. Y
25、ou should have a more active life.(13)Id like to start my own businessthats _ Id do if I had the money.(14)Having attended the 2010 World Expo, the tourists exclaimed Shanghai is really _ legend(传奇) continues.同位语从句是指跟在名词后面，进一步说明该名词具体内容的从句。可以带同位语从句的名词主要是一些可加进具体内容的，表示信息、思想等概念的抽象名词，如news, fact, idea, h
26、ope, belief, truth, promise, thought, fear, doubt, possibility, order, suggestion, proposal等。同位语从句与其前面的名词是同等关系而非修饰限定关系。(1)We were very excited at the news that our Chinese athletes won many gold medals.我们对于中国运动员赢得了很多金牌这个消息感到很兴奋。(引导词that仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)(2)Some researchers believe that there is no doub
27、t that a cure for AIDS will be found.一些研究者相信治疗艾滋病的疗法将会被找到是毫无疑问的。(引导词that仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分，如果是肯定句用whether引导)(3)Do you have any idea what is actually going on in the classroom? 你是否知道教室里真正在发生什么事情？(引导词what在同位语从句中充当主语)(4)The question came up at the meeting whether we have enough money for our research.我们是否有
28、足够的钱进行我们的研究，这个问题在会上被提了出来。(引导词whether仅起引导作用，不充当任何成分)【注意】 if不能引导同位语从句。同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1)当同位语从句与定语从句的引导词同为that时区别如下：that引导同位语从句仅在从句中起引导作用，不充当任何成分； that引导定语从句时需在定语从句中充当一定的成分，如主语、宾语、表语等。试分析如下例句：The idea that we can have a fourweek holiday around Britain is put up by Tim.The idea that Tim put up is that we
29、can have a fourweek holiday around Britain.简析：通过对比我们可以发现，句中的that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分， 因此它引导的是同位语从句，其中that不能省略；而句中that不仅起引导作用，同时在从句中还充当了动词put up的宾语，因此它是定语从句，此时that可用which代替，也可省略。(2)同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性的；定语从句是对其先行词进行修饰或限制，属于形容词性的。例如：Nobody believes his reason for being late that he had to look a
30、fter his sick mother at home.The reason why the manager adapted to the new situations quickly is that he has a flexible attitude.【即时巩固】(15)With your help, there is no doubt _ our plan is meant for will work out successfully.(16)Modern science has given clear evidence _ smoking can lead to many disea
31、ses.(17)There is clear evidence _ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.(18)Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted to universities.(19)Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _ he had to meet his uncle at the airpor
32、t.七、 whether与if引导名词性从句的用法辨析whether和if都可以表示“是否”，但是在引导具体的名词性从句时，两者是有区别的：只用whether不用if引导的从句可以用if来引导的从句(if表示“是否”)1. 主语从句置于句首时2. 表语从句3. 同位语从句4. 介词后面的宾语从句5. 直接与or not连用6. 在不定式前，与不定式构成to do结构1. 动词或形容词后面的宾语从句2. it作形式主语而后置的主语从句也可用if来引导。如：It is not clear to me if she likes the present.总结：在名词性从句中凡是可以用if来引导的从句均
33、可使用whether引导，而whether可以引导的很多从句类型不一定能使用if来引导。【即时巩固】请使用whether/if完成句子(20)_ we shall hold a meeting hasnt been decided yet.(21)It hasnt been decided yet _ we shall hold a meeting.(22)The problem is _ we finish the task on time.(23)She doesnt decide _ to tell her husband the truth.(24)I wonder _ the new
34、s is true.(25)Im not sure _ I can pass the exam successfully.(26)I want to know _ or not the train goes to King Street.(27)We discussed _ we can go there by bus.八、 名词性从句中的虚拟语气在一些表示“坚持、命令、建议或要求”等词构成的从句中，常用虚拟语气，从句中的谓语动词形式为should动词原形，其中should可省略。常用词有：一坚持insist二命令order, command三要求require, request, deman
35、d四建议suggest, advise, recommend, propose这些词在其他名词性从句中虽然发生了一些词形、词性的变化，但是从句中虚拟的用法不变。(1)He suggested that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(宾语从句)(2)It was suggested that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(主语从句)(3)His suggestion was that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(表语从句)(4)He made a
36、 suggestion that a meeting (should) be held immediately.(同位语从句)当堂达标跟踪演练1. Andrew should have failed in the competition!Something upset him and that is _ he lost.2. Being a new student, Tom rather cares about _ his classmates are supposed to treat him in the class.3. The government will take _ action
37、 it thinks necessary to rebuild the publics faith in the justice of the law.4. What do you think it is that has contributed to his huge success?_ he keeps focused on what he is doing.5. Many antipiracy experts are able to determine _ an item has been pirated or not, based on the makers style and qua
38、lifications.6. The director of our department is determined to promote _ he thinks is energetic, wise and capable to the position.7. Science and technology are advancing so quickly that _ is a possibility today may be a reality tomorrow.8. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _
39、I disagree.9. _ seems to be a strong competition in China for senior high school students to enter universities does exist in other countries as well.10. Nobody believed his reason for being late _ his car broke down on the way.11. When asked what original intention would lead them to be volunteers,
40、 about half of _ said they were “willing to do something for the Games”12. After five hours drive, they reached _they thought was the place theyd been dreaming of.13. Everyone will go through lifes stages of ups and downs, _ selfrespect plays a key role in the maturity of a person.14. The time is no
41、t far away _ the information will be made known _ more workers will be trained for their jobs.15. Part of the reason why Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.16. With the nuclear crisis worsening in Iran, the worlds attention is
42、fixed again on _ is called the Middle East.17. They waited patiently for _ seemed to be a very long time, stamping the snow to keep their feet warm.18. _ Obama was elected president of the USA is a big success for the blacks in America.19. Parents should guide their children, not direct them. Observ
43、e _ your childs talent and interests lie, and then encourage them in those directions.20. How do you find the new cell phone?Oh, quite good. A new function has been developed on this new type _ it can show you vividly what is around the person you are talking to.21. What impresses you most about Beijing?The street, the length of which is four times _ it is in my hometown.22. If you are still unaware of the danger of drug addiction, consult an expert, who will show you examples of _ it affects ones health.学科网（北京）股份有限公司