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1、选择性必修四Unit4 Career and skills语法教案Teaching objectives1.知识目标：学生能够掌握复杂句的基本含义2.技能目标：学生能够掌握复杂句的基本运用3.情感目标：学生能够更有信心学习英语Key points, Difficult points1.掌握复杂句的基本含义2.掌握复杂句的基本运用Teaching procedures：复杂句分析英语句子按照用途分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四大类，按照结构分为简单句、并列句、主从复合句、并列主从复合句四大类。本单元语法主要复习按照结构划分的这四类复杂句。简单句含有一个主谓结构的句子称为简单句。有时，简单句包
2、含很多修饰语，使句子变得较长。要准确地理解句子，需要理清句子的结构，找到主语和谓语。Mary, normally a shy girl, talked excitedly about her trip to China during the holidays.玛丽平时是个腼腆的女孩，她兴奋地谈起假期里她的中国之行。According to a recent survey, four million people die from diseases linked to smoking each year.根据最近的一项调查，每年有400万人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。There is a genera
3、l debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.对于大学或高中生做兼职这一现象，如今校园里进行着广泛的争论。一个完整的简单句，由主语和谓语两大部分组成。谓语是一个组成部分，是一个整体，它包括谓语动词、宾语、状语和修饰宾语的定语。对于谓语部分的构成，正确的划分是(括号里面是谓语的构成):1.主语+谓语(不及物动词)2.主语+谓语(及物动词+宾语) 3.主语+谓语(及物动词+双宾语) 4.主语+谓语(及物动词+复合宾语)5.主语+谓语(
4、系动词+表语)二、并列句并列句是指由并列连词连接的两个或更多的分句构成的句子，常见的并列连词有and,or, but等。要准确理解并列句，需要找到并列连词并弄清楚各分句之间的关系。Leaning a foreign language can help you understand a foreign culture, and understanding a foreign culture can help you better communicate with people from different backgrounds.学习一门外语可以帮助你理解外国文化，而理解外国文化可以帮助你更好地
5、与不同背景的人交流。The Internet is considered by many to be a source of information, and it is also thought of as a means of entertainment , but some people regard it as a monster.互联网被许多人认为是一种信息来源，它也被认为是一种娱乐手段，但有些人却认为它是一个怪物。Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great e
6、fforts should be made to protect local environment and cultural relics from the harmful effects of international tourism.必须采取适当措施限制外国游客的数量，并且要努力保护当地环境和文物免受国际旅游业的有害影响。含有两个或多个相互并列的简单句的句子叫作并列句。在并列句里面，各个简单向叫作并列分句。并列句中的各个分句同等重要，它们平行并列，相互之间没有从属关系，各个分句由不同的连词连接。并列句可以分为平行并列句、转折并列句、选择并列句和因果并列句等。1.平行并列句平行并列句由并
7、列连词and, or, both.and., not only.but also., either.or., neither.or., as well as等连接。He played the piano and she sang.他弹钢琴，她唱歌。Tom not only taught, but he also wrote novels.汤姆不但教学，而且还写小说。Either you come to my house or I go to yours.或者你到我家来，或者我到你家去。We must get up early, or we shall miss the train.我们必须早点
8、儿起床，否则就会误了火车。2.转折并列句转折并列句由but, yet, while, rather than等连接。I had some medicine, but so far it hasnt done good.我吃了一些药，可迄今还未见好转。Great progress has been made, yet much still remains to be done.已经取得了很大进步,但是仍有许多事情要去做。Generally, butterflies are seen in the daytime, while moths are seen in the dark.一般来说，白天能
9、见到蝴蝶，而飞蛾只能在天黑时看到。3.因果并列句因果并列句常由for, so等连接。He didnt attend the meeting for he was ill.他病了，所以没来开会。He works hard, so he has made great progress.他学习努力，所以他已经取得了很大进步。特别提示在“祈使句+陈述句”结构中，当祈使句部分为条件关系时，用and连接;当前后两部分意思相悖时，用or(否则)连接。当祈使向转换成if或unless引导的条件状语从句时，必须将and或or去掉。Study hard and you will make progress.努力学
10、习，你会进步的。= If you study hard, you will make progress.Study hard or you will fail.努力学习，否则你会失败的。= Unless you study hard, you will fail.三、主从复合句由主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子，叫作主从复合句。主句和从句分别有自己的主语和谓语，但从句只是主句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。根据在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为“状语从句”“定语从句”和“名词性从句”，这三类从句被称为英语中的“三大从句”。其中，名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句；这四种从句在复
11、合句中的作用相当于名词，所以统称为“名词性从句”。Unless you let me know youre not coming, Ill wait for you at the cinema. 除非你告诉我你不来，否则我就在电影院等你。(状语从句)I still remember one afternoon two years ago when we first met at the school.我还记得两年前的一个下午，我们第一次在学校见面。(定语从句)This means that what you do is more important than what you say.这意味着
12、你所做的比你所说的更重要。(名词性从句)(1)状语从句主要用来修饰主句谓语动词，说明谓语动词所表示的动作或状态发生的情况。例如谓语动词动作发生的时间地点、原因、条件、方式、目的结果、让步、比较等，因此便有了相应名称的状语从句。(2)定语从句是用来修饰、描述名词或代词的，让被修饰词(定语从句的先行词)内容更加丰满和有意义。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。(3)名词性从句其实就是让句子去充当一个名词的作用，用一个从句去描述一个名词无法表达的更加丰富的语意。在一个更大的句子里面充当主语宾语、表语和同位语。因此便有了主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。要学好各种从句，关键是掌握
13、引导从句的连接词。在不同从句中，连接词可以有不同的名称及用法。下面仅对不同类型的从句进行举例说明：1.状语从句(1)When I was walking down the street, I came across David.沿街走时，我偶然遇到了戴维。(时间状语从句)(2)Ill go where he went.我要去他去过的地方。(地点状语从句)(3) Because I dont know her address, I had better telephone her to come over.由于不知道她的地址，我最好打电话让她过来。(原因状语从句)(4)If you work h
14、ard, you will pass the exam.如果努力学习，你就会通过考试。(条件状语从句)(5)The child talks to us as though he were a grown-up.那个孩子跟我们谈起话来像个成年人。(方式状语从句)(6)They tried hard every day so that they could win glory for their homeland.他们每天努力训练，为的是能给祖国贏得荣誉。(目的状语从句)(7) Their niece was spoiled so that she became more and more nau
15、ghty.他们的侄女被宠坏了，结果她变得越来越调皮。(结果状语从句)(8)Although I know all this, I still want to see it myself.尽管知道一切情况，我还是想亲自看一看。(让步状语从句)(9)The job is more than I could do myself.这项工作超出了我自己的能力范围。(比较状语从句)2.定语从句(1)She is the girl who often helps me.她是经常帮助我的那个女孩。(修饰人，定语从用关系代词who引导，在从句中作主语。也可用that引导)(2)Sheisthegirlwhom1
16、ofenhelp.她是我经常帮助的那个女孩。(修饰人且关系代词在从句中作宾语，用whom引导。也可用that引导)(3)This is the book that/which I am looking for.这是我正在找的那本书。(修饰物，定语从句用关系代词that或which引导，在从句中作宾语)(4)I know the person whose house was totally destroyed in the earthquake.我认识那个人，他的房子在地震中被彻底摧毁了。(whose表示“所属关系”，作定语。whose的含义相当于the persons那个人的”)(5 ) Th
17、e road conditions there turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.结果那里的道路状况很好，这是我们没有想到的。(which可以指代整个主句的内容，在从句中作主语)(6)I will never forget the day when I joined the army.我永远不会忘记我参军的那一天。(修饰时间，定语从句用关系副词when引导，在从句中作时间状语)(7)He visited the farm where he had worked.他参观了他工作过的农场。(修饰地点，定语
18、从句用关系副词where引导，在从句中作地点状语)(8) She explained the reason why she was absent from the meeting.她解释了她开会缺席的原因。(修饰原因，定语从句用关系副词why引导，在从句中作原因状语）3.名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句表语从句、同位语从句)(1)That he can speak English is known to all.众所周知，他会说英语。(主语从句)(2)I dont know whether there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车。(宾语从句)(3) H
19、is suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建议是我们应该保持冷静。(表语从句)(4)I heard the news that our team had won.我听到了我们队获胜的消息。(同位语从句)四、并列主从复合句英语中有些句子既包括并列分句，又含有从句，我们称之为并列主从复合句。要准确理解这种复杂的句子，需要分析句子结构，弄清楚各分句以及主从句之间的逻辑关系。I am interested in robots and I believe we can invent better robots for the benefit of peopl
20、e, so long as we continue to make efforts.我对机器人很感兴趣，相信只要我们继续努力，就能发明出更好的机器人，造福人类。I ask him when well go to the zoo, but he doesnt know.我问他我们什么时候去动物园，但他不知道。He likes maths, and he often helps other people who are weak.他喜欢数学，而且他经常帮助数学薄弱的其他人。I dont believe her, while what she said is true.我不相信她，尽管她说的是真的。
21、He doesnt know when they will have the meeting, so he calls his friend.他不知道他们什么时候开会，所以他打电话给他的朋友。She told me that she wanted to give up the job, but she couldnt because she needed the money.她告诉我她想放弃这份工作，但她没有做到，因为她需要钱。五、复杂句分析下面汇集了一些复杂的主从复合句，里面包含各种名词性从句、定语从句以及状语从句，并给予适当讲解和分析，供同学们参考。1.包含5个从句的主从复合句包含主语从句
22、、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、时间状语从句。What surprised me most was that Tom even didnt know whether there was any difference between the two words that he had learned when I met and asked him the other day.最让我吃惊的是，那天我见到汤姆并问他时，他甚至不知道他学的那两个单词之间是否有差别。总体来看，这是一个“主系表”结构。What surprised me most:主语从句。that Tom even didnt know
23、 whether there was any difference between the two words that he had learned when I met andasked him the other day:表语从句。whether there was any difference between the two wordsthat he had learned:宾语从句。that he had learned:定语从句。when I met and asked him the other day:时间状语从句，修饰didnt know，而非had learned包含条件状
24、语从句、限制性定语从句、主语从句宾语从句、非限制性定语从句。If your job is a high-stress one which needs great patience, it is important that you learn how you deal with it carefully,which many people dont really realize.如果你从事一份压力大而需要极大耐心的工作，你学会如何小心应对是很重要的.而很多人并没有真正意识到这一点。总体来看，这是一个含有条件状语从句的主从复合句。If your job is a high-stress one
25、which needs great patience:条件状语从句。which needs great patience:限制性定语从句。that you should learn how you deal with it carefully, which many people dont really realize:主语从句。how you deal with it carefully :宾语从句。which many people dont really realize:非限制性定语从句2.包含多个从句的主从复合句When it comes to education, the major
26、ity of people believe that education is lifetime learning.说到教育，大多数人认为教育是终身学习。The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.大多数学生认为，兼职工作将为他们提供更多
27、发展人际交往技巧的机会，这可能使他们在未来的就业市场中处于有利地位。Many city residents complain that there are so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.许多市民抱怨他们城市的公共汽车太少，以至于他们不得不花更多的时间等一辆公共汽车，而这辆公共汽车通常挤满了大量的乘客。Although this view i
28、s widely accepted, there is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.尽管这一观点被广泛接受，但很少有证据表明教育可以在任何年龄、任何地点获得。The information Ive collected over the past few years leads me to believe that the knowledge may be less useful than most people think.我在过去几年收集的信息，使我相信这些知识可能没有大
29、多数人认为的那么有用。Now, it is generally accepted that no college can educate it students about all knowledge by the time they graduate.现在，人们普遍认为没有大学能够在学生毕业的时候教给学生所有的知识。From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that a part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and t
30、hey should be encouraged to take a part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even society as a whole. 通过以上讨论，我们可以有把握地得出这样一个结论：兼职会对学生产生深的影响，应该鼓励他们从事兼职工作，这将有利于学生及其家庭，甚至整个社会。If the engine stops working though it rarely occurs theres not much that the engineer can do about it until th
31、e plane is back on the ground.如果引擎停止运转，尽管这种情况很少发生，那么在飞机返回地面之前，工程师对此也无能为力。If you think that Im pleased with whats left, youre quite wrong.如果你认为我对所剩之物很满意，那你就大错特错了。Whether he is innocent or guilty is a decision that will be made when the case is tried in court.他有罪与否，等案件在法庭受审后就会作出判决。If you buy a dryer,
32、look for one with a sensor which switches off when clothes are dry. 你若要买烘干机，找一台带感应器的，这种可以在衣服干的时候自动断电。3.试题分析Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _ went wrong again. (repair)分析如下：to see之后的主要成分是宾语从句the washing machine went wrong again (洗衣机又出故障了)，she had had repaired是定
33、语从句，先行词是the washing machine,省略了关系代词that。套用的结构是have sth. done (让某事/物被做)。从时间上看，请人修洗衣机应在又出故障之前，故have the washing machine repaired用了过去完成时态，即had had the washing machine repaired;因为she had had repaired是the washing machine的定语从句，意为“她请人修理的洗衣机”，所以在she had had repaired的第二个had后，不能再出现宾语the washing machine或it。4.复
34、杂定语从句The owner of the house whose wife is dead, whose son works in New York and who wants to go and live with him, is willing to sell the house at a low price.这幢房子的主人的妻子已过世，儿子在纽约工作，他想搬去和儿子一起生活，并愿意以低价出售此房。Mr. Smith, who has a good command of French and English but who doesnt know Chinese, finds it di
35、fficult to study Chinese literature.史密斯先生精通法语和英语，但对中文则一无所知，所以他发现研究中国文学很困难。This is the house in which the famous man lived, which you visited 10 years ago and which becomes a museum now.这就是那位名人居住过的房子，10年前你参观过，现在成了博物馆。The old man recalled that he would never forget the moment when he first met the fam
36、ous scientist and which he regardedas the happiest in all his life.那位老人回忆说他永远忘不了第一次与那位著名科学家相见的时刻，那一刻被他视为人生中最幸福的时刻。Paris is a good place, where art is so popular, and which many people appreciate.巴黎是个好地方，那里艺术很流行，很多人喜欢那个地方。She has an adopted child who she says was an orphan before.她有一个养子，据她所言，这个孩子以前是个
37、孤儿。Can you mention anyone that we know is as talented as he is?在我们认识的人中，你说还有谁像他一样有才华?She is the only girl that I know can play the guitar.她是我所认识的唯一会弹吉他的女孩。Jocelyn is the only person that we expect will win.乔斯琳是我们期望唯一能贏的人。Many college students have mastered computers, driving and foreign languages, w
38、hich we all know are the very important things in todays society. 很多大学生都掌握了计算机、驾驶和外语，我们都知道这些在当今社会是非常重要的。5.并列宾语从句They can see how its colours have faded and where paint has flaked.他们能够看到颜色退去的情况以及油漆剥落的地方。I want you to dig deep. Find out who she is, and where she comes from.我想让你细查一下。弄清楚地是谁，她从哪里来。He sai
39、d that he couldnt tell you right away and that you wouldnt understand.他说他不能马上告诉你，(告诉了)你也不会理解的。Now imagine that you are one of your parents and that you are present at that party.现在想象一下，你是你的父母亲之一，而且你参加了那个聚会。Check that your printer is connected properly and that the power is turmed on.检查一下打印机已正确连接，且电源
40、已打开。The man told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay. 那个人告诉我他准备出多少钱买我的汽车，并说我会立即收到款。We know when Shakespeare was born and when he died, but we dont know much else about his life.我们知道莎士比亚是什么时候出生的，什么时候去世的，但是关于他生平中别的情况就不大了解了。I think the amount of w
41、ork will increase and that it will become even more complex.我认为工作童会增加，而且会变得更加复杂。注意：当两个that引导的宾语从句并列时，第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可省略。There is a clear contradiction between what she says and what she does.她说的和做的显然矛盾。Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.我们老
42、师总是告诉我们：如果想获得成功，就要相信我们所做的和我们自己。Lets look at how many people watch television and how few read books让我们观察一下，看电视的有多少人，看书的又有几个。6.并列主语从句Where you live and how you treat your life can make a difference to the way you feel.你住在什么地方，以及你如何对待生活，都会对你的感受产生影响。Whether he wants to have a girlfriend and when they w
43、ill get married is none of your business.他是否想要女朋友以及他们什么时候结婚，都不关你的事。Whether he still has contact with Tom and whatever has happened between them doesnt matter to me.他是否还和汤姆有联系以及他们之间发生了什么事，对我来说都无关紧要。It is said that there has been an earthquake in Japan and that about 300 people have been killed. 据说日本发
44、生了地震，大约300人丧生。It hasnt been decided who will be sent to work there and when the man will leave.还没决定将派谁到那里工作，以及这个人什么时候动身。It hasnt been made clear when the conference is to take place and who will take part.会议什么时候召开以及哪些人参加还不清楚。It was reported that an agreement had been reached between the two countrie
45、s and that they would further strengthen their economic cooperation. 据报道，两个国家之间已经达成了一项协议，而且他们将进一步加强经济合作。7.并列表语从句This is how much Ive done and and what they think of what Ive done.这就是我做了多少工作以及他们对我所做工作的看法。The question is whether he has signed the contract and when we can get what we need.问题是他是否签了合同，以及
46、我们什么时候能得到我们需要的东西。The problem is who can be put in charge of the work and when we can begin.问题是谁能来负责这项工作，以及我们什么时候可以开始。What I want to know is how much we can get and when were going to get paid.我想知道的是，我们能拿到多少钱以及什么时候将付给我们。This is where we stayed for two months and where the waters of Amazon flow out in
47、to the sea.这就是我们待过两个月的地方，也是亚马孙河入海的地方。由骨灭地六、语法全解训练指出下列句子是简单句、并列句、主从复合句还是并列主从复合句。如果是主从复合句，请说明含有什么从句。1. Confucius, the great educator, had many famous sayings about learning. 2. If you cease to learn ,your life will be meaningless. 3. In order to keep pace with new development in all domains of knowled
48、ge, lifelong learning is essential.4. Lifelong learning refreshes your knowledge so that you can resolve new problems that arise in your life. 5. He cant look at new things in an objective way, so he always rejects or criticizes what he is not willing to accept.6. He inquired about new learning methods, registered online and subscribed to e-learning courses. 7. Knowledge is sometimes obtained based on inductive reasoning, which is a method from the concrete to the abstract.