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1、高考语法总复习(25)：数词，介词考点透析与精炼考试要求：介词是高考英语试题中比拟重要的一个考查点，近年来的高考在单项填空题中直接涉及到对介词的考查，主要包括常用近义介词的用法区别、介词的常见搭配、介词在特定语境中的选用和介词短语的用法等。高考试题对数词的考查比重较小， 主要以对倍数的表达方法及概数的考查为主。知识总结：数词局部dozen和score的复数形式应注意以下几点：dozen表示一打，十二个；score表示二十； 当dozen与数词，或many，several等连用时，不加“s，所修饰的名词前常省去of，score那么不然。two dozen pencils两打铅笔two score
2、 of pencils四十支铅笔dozens of people= scores of people许多人当后面的名词前有限定词时, dozen后应加of。a dozen of these peopletwo dozen of themthree score and ten people中不加of 七十人序数词的用法：序数词一般由基数词后加th构成，前面一般加定冠词the，表示“第几；加不定冠词，那么意为“又一，再一。I can do better if I have a second chance. 如果再有一次时机，我能做得更好。基数词与序数词连用时，通常是序数词在前：the first
3、two pages of the book 这本书的前两页分数的表示法分数由基数词和序数词合成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母的序数词要用复数形式。1/3：one(a)third 2/3：two thirds three-sevenths：七分之三特殊的表达：1/2：one(a)half 1/4：one (a) quarter/one (a) fourth 3/4：three quarters分子与分母之间加in或out of,分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。one in/ out of ten：十分之一 five in/ out of eight：八分之五百分数的表示
4、法：表示百分数直接将数词放在单词percent前面即可：twenty percent=20% 百分之二十注意：分数和百分数后面不能直接接名词或代词，而用以下形式：分数/ 百分数+of +冠词/ 限定词+名词/ 代词，其谓语动词与of后的名词在人称和数上保持一致。Two-thirds of the money was spent on food.小数的表示法：小数的表示法，小数点前的数字正常读，小数点用point，小数点后面的数读成个位数。“零读字母o的音或zero，小数点前就按基数词去读，小数点后的数字按个位基数词依次读出。数词的其它表达式：No.1 第一号第一次世界大战：the First
5、World War或World War I501号房间：Room 501538路公共汽车：Bus 538倍数的表示法：倍数用在as+形容词/副词(原级)+名词+ as结构之前Your salary is three times as much as mine. 你的薪水是我的三倍。倍数放在形容词或副词的比拟级之前或by + 倍数用在比拟级之后Your salary is twice more than mine. 你的薪水比我多两倍。倍数用在表示度量名词前，其根本结构为：倍数 + the + size / length / weight + of + 表示比拟对象的名词，也可用于倍数 + wh
6、at引导的从句中By and large，Nigeria is three times the size of Great Britain. 大概算来，尼日利亚的面积是大不列颠的三倍。约数的表示法：用ten，dozen，score，hundred，thousand，million等数词的复数后加of短语来表示几十、几百、上千、成千上万等大约数概念;用less than，under，below，almost，nearly，up to等来表示小于或接近某数目；用more than，over，above，beyond，or more等来表示超过或多于某个数目；用or，or so，about，arou
7、nd，some，more or less等表示在某一数目左右；用to，from to，between and表示介于两数词。钟点、日期、年龄的表示法：钟点：表示整点8:00：eight oclock (sharp)；表示在某个钟点，用介词at。表示在某月某日，都用介词on：年月日同时出现时，年代位于最后，其前加逗号：表示“在几十年代用in十the十逢十的数词复数：in the 1990s/1990s表示“在某人的几十岁时，可用介词in+ ones+整十位数的复数形式：in his fifties； 但表示十多岁时用：in ones teens。表示“一个八岁的男孩，可以有多种表达法：a boy
8、 of eight，a boy of eight years old，a boy of eight years of age，a eight-year-old boy与基数词合成的定语，其中的名词用单数：a three-month-old baby， five-year plan。介词局部介词不能单独使用，必须后跟宾语，构成介词短语在句中使用，介词短语由介词+宾语构成，在句中可作状语、定语和表语等。in, on, to, with, by, for, at, from, up, beyond, before, among, of, off, against, like, since, besi
9、des, behind, during等aboutbe about to 即将做What/How about ? 怎么样for交换：He sold the house for 50,000 yuan.到达某一数值：She wrote a check for 20.赞成，拥护：Im for getting up early and going to bed early.固定搭配：for one thing首先for example例如for ever 永远for the time being 暂时，目前for instance 例如for free 免费for the first time 第一
10、次for sale 出售，待售watch out for警惕long for 渴望for ones good为某人好with和一起:：He is playing table tennis with Tom.用工具：Dont write with a pencil.随着：The weather changes with seasons.带有，具有：Our company needs people with specialized knowledge.行为方式：Handle with care！原因：She shivered with cold.注意：with的复合结构 ：常在句中作状语，表示伴随
11、动作、行为方式及原因、条件或结果等情况。She often sleeps with the window open. (adj.)她经常开着窗户睡觉。He came in with a book in his hand. (prep.)他手里拿着本书进来了。She felt scared with so many people looking at her. doing这么多人看着她，她感到害怕。With everything bought, he left the market. (done)买完了所需要的东西之后，他离开了市场。With nothing to do, he went out
12、 for a walk .(to do)由于没有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步。He left his room with the light on. (adv.)他离开了房间，灯亮着。by用于被动结构：This book was written by Lu Xun.表地点，“靠近，在的旁边：There is a pumping station by the river.表时间，“在之前，不迟于： You must hand in your homework by tomorrow.表方法、手段：You will make progress only by studying hard.途径：He
13、 entered by the back door.表示按某物标准或单位：The company paid me by the hour.根据，按照：Dont judge a person by his appearance.触及，持住某人的身体或衣物：I took the boy by the hand.表增减程度：He missed the target by an inch.固定搭配：little by little 逐渐地stone by stone 一块石头一块石头地one by one 一个一个地by mistake 由疏忽所至by no means决不by accident偶然b
14、y chance偶然，碰巧by oneself 单独by and by不久以后by far 得多，最to趋于，倾向某种情况，性质等，至某种状态： I was moved to tears.到地点：Last week her aunt came to Shanghai.给：I often write to my uncle.差时间：It is ten to eleven.比： The score is 2 to 1.伴随：He danced to the music.他随着音乐跳舞。固定搭配: to ones delight =to the delight of sb. 使某人快乐的是to on
15、es joy = to the joy of sb.使某人快乐的是to ones sorrow=to the sorrow of sb.使某人悲伤的是to ones astonishment =to the astonishment of sb. 使某人大吃一惊的是to ones surprise =to the surprise of sb. 使某人吃惊的是off离, 从离开：It is an island off the coast of France.through通过，“从一边进，从另一边出：She pushed her way through the crowd.由于：The war
16、 was lost through bad organization.从头至尾，由始至终：I read through the book.各处：We traveled through France.beyond表示位置在那一边，超出范围、限度：My home is beyond the bridge.This is beyond my comprehension.The fruit was beyond my reach.against反对，违背：We are against waste.靠着，倚：I sat against the wall.以为背景，衬托：The picture looks
17、 good against that light wall.防御：We are all taking medicine against the disease.我们大家都在吃药预防那种病。与相反，逆着：We sailed against the wind.at在 表空间、地点：I dont know the man standing at the gate.在时刻表时间：We usually go to work at two in the afternoon.以速度、价格：They sold their beef at a high price.处于状态，从事于：The two countr
18、ies were at war.表示目标，意为“朝，对：We had a heated argument and shouted at each other.与有情感的词语连用如angry, delighted, glad, happy, sad, disappointed, shocked, excited等表示产生这些感情的原因，“因为，对于：I was surprised at the news.We were in deep sorrow at his death.Im glad at hearing your return home from Canada.His parents w
19、ere disappointed at his losing the chance to university.固定搭配：at the latest 最迟at sea在海上，在航海at once 马上at most 至多at least至少at first起初，开始的时候at present目前at one time 曾经at a time 一次at breakfast吃早餐时at the same time同时at stake在胜败关头，冒风险over超过：There are over twenty girls in our class.遍于：I have traveled all over
20、 Europe.在上方与under相反：There is a bridge over the river.越过(尤指先往上再往下)：He jumped over the wall.在期间：Will you be at home over Christmas?通过：I dont want to say it over the telephone.在上面盖着：He put the newspaper over his face.in在方面：Your success in the examination depends upon your efforts now.用语言：He wrote a let
21、ter in English.表示计算或度量的标准，“用，以：The energy is measured in calories.在之内表时间或空间：The work was completed in two weeks.过后时间:It will be ready in a week.穿、戴：He is in a silk shirt.表状态：He was in poor health.The room is in a mess.表示原材料：The letter was written in ink.固定搭配：in public 公开地in order to 为了in no time立刻in
22、 common 共同，共用in all总共in fact 实际上in the end最后，终于in the distance 在远处in a low voice低声地in a word 总之in other words换句话说in modern times 现代，近代in place在适当的地方in general一般说来in the past 在过去in this way 用这种方法in return 作为回报in short简言之in the open air 在户外take pride in 以自豪take part in参加play a part in在方面起作用in the form
23、 of以形式in sight在视力范围之内，看得见in case 万一in the name of以名义in detail 详细地on在的外表上：There are two maps on the wall.在的时候某日或某日的上午、下午、晚上，表具体或特殊的日子：On the morning of November 12, 1939, Dr. Bethune breathed his last.有关，论及：I have written an article on the importance of birth control.在河畔，沿着：London is on the Thames.是的
24、一员：My classmate is on China Daily.固定搭配：on doing sth. 一就on leave休假on purpose成心on holiday度假on the whole总的来说on fire 着火on ones own 单独，单独on strike 罢工on the left/right 在左/右边on the contrary 相反地on sale 出售/减价on average平均on the air无线电/电视播送on board在车/船/飞机上call on sb. 拜访某人on behalf of代表On (hearing). 一听到就of和某一动词
25、连用表示“想到，“谈到：He began to talk of his hometown.表示所属关系：He is a worker of the Beijing.fromfrom among(从当中)，from behind 从后面，from under (从下面)，at about (在大约左右)，after about(在大约之后)，from across(从的对岸)，from above(从上方)等I took a ball from under the table.我从桌底拿出一个球。易错点点拨：1in 与withinin后接表示时间长度的名词，可以与将来时或过去时连用。如果它与将来
26、时连用，那么常表示“过一段时间之后；如果与非将来时连用，常表示“在之内。The train will arrive in fifteen minutes.火车还有十五分钟就到了。within后接表示时间长度的名词，表示在这一范围之内，“不超过，不到某一段时间。可以同将来时和过去时连用，比in更正式。I shall be back within three weeks.我三周之内回来。2in 和afterin后接一段时间，after接某一点的时间，均可用于将来时。in不可以接表示某一点的时间名词，而after如果在过去时的句子中可以加一段的时间名词，表示从过去某一时间算起，in加一段时间指从现在
27、的时间算起。Ill come back in an hour.我要在一小时后回来。 ( in an hour为一段时间 )Ill come back after three oclock.我要在三点钟之后回来。 three oclock为时间点 3through , across和over它们都可用作介词，与动词连用，表示“通过，穿过。但across强调在某一物体平面上运动，与on有关，侧重横贯式横向通过；through强调运动在某一物体的三维空间内部进行，与in有关，侧重在空间穿过；over是从某物体上方越过，或在高形物上穿过，当表示在某一长形物的另一边时用法同across.Then we
28、took off and flew over the mountain.随后我们起飞了，飞过高山。The road runs through the village.这条路穿过这村子。They walked across the square.他们走过广场。4besides 和except, butbesides “除之外，还有，表示附加意义；except“除了，不包括，常与表示全肯定或全部否认的词连用，表示整体中除去例外，即整体中不再包括除去局部。but意义与except相同，但语气较except弱；使用except的限制较少，而使用but那么有许多限制，but只能用在none, all,
29、nobody, anybody, everything, everyone,以及who, what, where之后。We all went to the party besides Tom.除了汤姆参加了晚会，我们也去了。We all went to the party except /but Tom. 除了汤姆没去晚会，我们都去了。Who but/except a fool would do such a thing?除了傻瓜，有谁会做这样的事情呢？5except 和except forexcept 是从一组东西中排除其特殊一个或几个，except for那么是以保存的方式对整个句子内容进
30、行修正，也就是说，如果两局部所用的词或词组所表示的并非同一类事，而它们之间又是所属关系，句子后半部对前半部所说的根本情况在细节上加以修正，就要用except for。except只用于句中、句末，不用于句首。Except for可用于句首。I looked everywhere except in the bathroom.除了浴室之外，我到处都看了。He is a good man except for hot temper.他是个好人，只是脾气暴躁而已。6It be + 形容词+ for sb. to do sth./ It be + 形容词+of sb. to do sth.如果句型中的
31、形容词描述的是sb.的品质、品格，在逻辑上可以作sb.的表语，那么sb.前应用介词of，否那么就用for。Its necessary for us to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes.我们用一台短波收音机收听这些节目是必要的。It was foolish of him to give up the job.他放弃那工作是愚蠢的。= He was foolish to give up the job.7. between 和 amongbetween 一般表示在两者之间，也可表示在两个以上的人或物的两者之间。among用于三者以
32、上，常指数目不确定的事物，还可用于最高级=one of虽然between和among都可表示在两者以上之间，但among用于不分别看待的一堆或一群人或物之间，between强调把两者以上各个个体分别看待，而且这些人或物为数不多，彼此界限清楚,强调每两者之间的关系。Distribute the books among the students.把书发给学生。有一群学生The speaker referred to the relations between the three countries.发言的人提到了这三个国家之间的关系。这三个国家之间的每两者间的关系China is among the oldest countries in the world.中国是世界上最古老的国家之一。among =one of8. by, in 和withby 表示方法、手段,交通工具；in 表示原料、语言等；with 表示用工具和五官等I write with my right hand.我用右手写字。五官The article was written in ink.这篇文章是用钢笔写的。in ink 表示原料=with a pen表示工具