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1、高考英语阅读理解分类汇编之科普知识类1.卷DEver since they were first put on the market in the early 1990s, gentically mondified (GM, 转基因) foods have been increasingly developed and marketed in many countries in the word,mainly on the basis of their promise to end the worldwide food crisis. But can GM technology solve w
2、orld hunger problems? Even if it would ,is it the best solutiorr? Despite what it promiises,GM technology actually has not increased the production potential of any corp. In fact Studies show that the most crown GM croo.GM soybeans, has suffered reduced productivity. For instance, a report than anal
3、ysed nearly two decades of research on mojor GM food crops shows that GM engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop production.Something else, however, has been on the rise, While GM seeds are expensive, GM companics tell farmers that they will make good profits by saving money on pest
4、icides杀虫剂. On the contrary, US government data show that GM crops in the US have produced an overall increase in pesticide use compared to traditional crops. “ The promise was that you could use less chemicals and boost production. But nether is true, said Bill Christison, President of the US Nation
5、al Farm Coalition.At the same time, the authors of the book World Hunger: Twelve Myths argue that there actually is more than enough food in the world and that the hunger crisis is not caused by production, but by problems in food distribution and politics. These indeed deserve our efforts and money
6、. Meanwhile, the rise in food prices results from the increased use of crops for fuel rather than food, according to a World Bank report.As a matter of fact ,scientists see better ways to feed the world. Another World Bank report concluded that GM crops have little to offer to the challenges of worl
7、dwide poverty and hunger, because better ways out are available, among which “green farming is supposed to be the first choice.57.The author develops the second paragraph mainly . 【C】A. by classification B. by comparison C. by example D. by process 58. What does the underlined word “boost in the thi
8、rd paragraph probably mean? 【D】A. Control. B. Evaluate C. Obtain. D. Increase.59. GM companies promise farmers that they will benefit from _. 【B】A. practicing “green farming B. use of less chemicalsC. fair distribution of their crops D. using more crops for fuel60. Which of the following best descri
9、bes the attitude of the author towards GM technology?【C】A. Optimistic B. Defensive C. Disapproving D. Casual2.卷CGetting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin
10、 was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Th
11、us began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the me
12、rit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have
13、moved beyond science since World War . Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn thei
14、r children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.64. The kings of France and Engl
15、and in the 16th century closed bath houses because .A. they lived healthily in a dirty environment.B. they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in C. they believed disease could be spread in public bathsD. they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease65.Which of the following best descr
16、ibes Henry IVs attitude to bathing?A. Afraid. B. Curious.C. Approving. D. Uninterested.66. How does the passage mainly develop?A. By providing examples.B. By making comparisons.C. By following the order of time.D. By following the order of importance.67. What is the authors purpose in writing the pa
17、ssage?A. To stress the role of dirt.B. To introduce the history of dirt.C. To call attention to the danger of dirt.D. To present the change of views on dirt.【答案】CA CD3.湖南卷CA recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided i
18、nto two distinct (不同的) species The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephantsthe Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephant Once the
19、y obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils (化石)，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.The scientists used detailed geneti
20、c analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.T
21、here has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species. Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two p
22、opulations of the same species despite the elephants significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulde. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elepha
23、nt. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna e
24、lephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purpose .66. One of
25、 the fossils studied by the researchers is that of _. A. the Asian elephant B. the forest elephant C. the savanna elephant D. the mastodon elephant 67. The underlined word “divergence in paragraph 4means “_A. evolution B. exhibition C. separation D. examination 68. The researchers conclusion was bas
26、ed on a study of the African elephants _ A. DNA B. height C. weight D. population69. What were Alfred Rocas words mainly about? A. The conversation of African elephants. B. The purpose of studying African elephants C. The way to divide African elephants into two units D. The reason for the distincti
27、on of African elephants70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? A. Naturalists Belief about Elephants. B. Amazing Experiment about Elephants C. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants D. A Long scientific Debate about ElephantsC 科普说明文：African elephant 有两个不同的种类66. fossils 定位，找到
28、第三段第一句，有两种fossils，mam和mas，选项D67. 文中divergence of the two species指代前文the Ase and the Afe have been distinct species, divergence与distinct同义替换，对应选项C68. conclusion, based on定位，找到倒数第二段最后一句lay in 与based on 同义替换，答案：A69. AR定位，找到倒数第一段，从AR的话中，第一句for conservation purpose, 最后一句for conservation purpose确定A70.文章首句
29、点明全文主旨，答案：C4.卷DWhy should mankind explore space? Why should money, time and effort be spent exploring and researching something with so few apparent benefits? Why should resources be spent on space rather than on conditions and people on Earth? These are questions that, understandably, are very ofte
30、n asked. Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup(基因构成) as human beings. What drove our ancestors to move from the trees into the plains, and on into all possible areas and environments? The wider the spread of a species, the better its chance of survival. Perhaps the best reason for explo
31、ring space is this genetic tendency to expand wherever possible.Nearly every successful civilization has explored, because by doing so, any dangers in surrounding areas can be identified and prepared for. Without knowledge, we may be completely destroyed by the danger. With knowledge, we can lessen
32、its effects. Exploration also allows minerals and other potential (潜在的) resources to be found. Even if we have no immediate need of them, they will perhaps be useful later. Resources may be more than physical possessions. Knowledge or techniques have been acquired through exploration. The techniques
33、 may have medical applications which can improve the length or quality of our lives. We have already benefited from other spin-offs including improvements in earthquake prediction, in satellites for weather forecasting and in communications systems. Even non-stick pans and mirrored sunglasses are by
34、-products (副产品) of technological developments in the space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.While many resources are spent on what seems a small return, the exploration of space allows creative, brave and intelligent members of our species to focus on what may serve to save us. While sp
35、ace may hold many wonders and explanations of how the universe was formed or how it works, it also holds dangers. The danger exists, but knowledge can help human being to survive. Without the ability to reach out across space, the chance to save ourselves might not exist.While Earth is the only plan
36、et known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets. It is true that the lifestyle would be different, but human life and cultures have adapted in the past and surely could in the future.71. Why does the author mention the questions in Paragraph1?A
37、. To express his doubts.B. To compare different ideas.C. To introduce points for discussion.D. To describe the conditions on Earth.72. What is the reason for exploring space based on Paragraph2?A. Humans are nature-born to do so.B. Humans have the tendency to fight.C. Humans may find new sources of
38、food.D. Humans dont like to stay in the same place.73. The underlined word“spin-offs in Paragraph 4 probably refers to_.A. survival chancesB. potential resourcesC. unexpected benefitsD. physical possessions74. What makes it possible for humans to live on other planets?A. Our genetic makeup.B. Resour
39、ces on the earth.C. The adaptive ability of humans. D. By-products in space exploration.75. Which of the statements can best sum un the passage?A. Space exploration has created many wonders.B. Space exploration provided the best value for money.C. Space exploration may help us avoid potential proble
40、ms on Earth. 解析：71. 推理判断题。答案选C。文章是典型的议论说明文，是提出问题，分析问题的套路。第一段通过提出一系列关于太空探索利弊的问题引发讨论。并不是真的有这些疑心，也没有鲜明的正反观点，所以AB不对。D偏差较远。72. 主旨题。答案选A。第二段是典型的总分总结构，主旨句在段首段尾。Perhaps the best answer lies in our genetic makeup as human beings. 主要原因在于人类基因。Perhaps the best reason for exploring space is this genetic tendency
41、 to expand wherever possible. 而B选项错在fight这个词。CD没提及。73. 词义猜想题。选C。根据spin off 前面的we have already benefited from other spin off 关键词 benefit，受益。而spin off后面的including 说的全是获得的利益，如improvements in earthquake prediction. 地震预测的进步等等，而不是什么生存时机，或者潜在资源。所以选C。74. 细节题。答案选C。按照问题顺序一致原那么，答案应当出现在最后两段。在最后一段的首句我们找到了一个极端词用以
42、定位。While earth is the only planet known to support life, surely the adaptive ability of humans would allow us to live on other planets.直接由翻译可知，人类的适应能力使我们在其他星球的居住成为可能。75. 推理判断题。选D。除去前两段引入，第三段主旨句首句的意思是每个文明都会探索周围文明以减低危险，第四段主旨句首句说的是探索使得我们能够发现潜在能源。第五段主旨句首句说的是探索使得很多人发现解决问题的有用资源。总的来说，就可归结为，太空探索可以帮助我们很多，防止很
43、多问题。5.卷AWe know the famous onesthe Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bells but what about the less famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper(雨刮器)？Shouldnt we know who they are?Joan Mclean think so. In fact, Mclean, a professor of physics at
44、 Mountain University in Range, feels so strongly about this matter that shes developed a course on the topic. In addition to learning “whoinventedwhat, however, Mclean also likes her students to learn the answers to thewhy and how questions. According to Mclean,When students learn the answers to the
45、se questions, they are better prepared to recognize opportunities for inventing and more motivated to give inventing a try.So,just what is the story behind the windshield wiper? Well,Mary Anderson came up with the idea in 1902 after a visit to Mew York City.The day was cold and stormy, but Anderson
46、still wanted to see the sights ,so she jumped aboard a streetcar. Noticing that the driver was struggling to see through the snow covering the winshield,she found hersefe wondering why there couldnt be a buolt-in devic for cleaing the window. Still wondering about this when she returned home to Birm
47、ingham, Alabama, Anderson started drafting out solutions. One of her ideas, a lever(操作杆)on the inside of a vehicle that would contral an arm on the outside, became the first windshield wiper. Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations，Its traffic light. Its equally is innovation that makes glass invisible, Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses?56.By mentionong “traffic lightand “windshield wiper,the author indicates that countless inventions are .A.beneficial,be